Introduction to Communication

“ Communication is an exchange of facts ,

ideas, opinions, or emotions by two or more
persons.”
“ Communication is the process of passing information
and understanding from one person to another. It is
the process of imparting ideas and making oneself
understood by others.”
Aspects of Communication
Process of Transmission
Elements of understanding
Importance of Communication
 Nature of Communication
 A natural human activity
A two-way traffic
Continuous process
Short lived process
Leads to achievement of organizational objectives
Needs proper understanding
Inevitable
Spiralling Process
Process
Four Specific skills, viz, reading, writing, speaking and
listening
 Nature of Communication
 A natural human activity
A two-way traffic
Continuous process
Short lived process
Leads to achievement of organizational objectives
Needs proper understanding
Inevitable
Spiralling Process
Process
Four Specific skills, viz, reading, writing, speaking and
listening
Proactive-If you are proactive, you make things
happen, instead of waiting for them to happen to you.
So, if you are proactive, you are ready before
something happens.

Symbolic – It means we rely on words and nonverbal

behaviors to communicate meaning and feelings.
Scope of Communication
Information sharing
Feedback
Control
Influence
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Facilitating Change
Group Building
Gatekeeping
Objectives of Communication
Internal Objective
Establish and inform about goals
Optimally utilize resources
To lead and to motivate
Monitor performance
Control the quality
Organize
Discourage spread of rumours
To improve relations with workforce
To elicit Suggestions
External Objectives
Advertise products
Inform consumers about changes in product or service
Build goodwill
Other Objectives:
 Conveying right message
 Coordination of efforts
 Good industrial relations
 Development of Management Skills
 Effectiveness of policies
Communication Functions
Information Function
Command Function
Motivation Function
Integration Function
Goals of Business Communication
Receiver Understanding
Receiver Response
Favourable Relationship
Organizational Goodwill
Business Communication
Every business firm, whether a sole proprietorship, partership or
company, undertakes business with the objective to earn
profits. Business is an economic activity undertaken to procure
man, machine, material and money to produce goods and
services with the objective to sell them to the customers to earn
profits. During the course of this process, a businessman
consults a lot of persons and have interaction with them.
The specific communication undertaken by the business firm
is known as business communication. Business
communication is any communication used to promote a
product, service or organization- with the objective of
making sale.
In business communication, message is conveyed
through various channels of communication including
internet, print (publications), radio, television, outdoor
and word of mouth.

TYPES OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

There are two types of business communication in an
organization:
. Internal Communication
. External Communication
INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
Internal Communication- Communication within an
organization is called “Internal Communication”. It
includes all communication within an organization. It
may be informal, formal function, or department
providing communication in various forms to
employees.
Effective internal communication is a vital
mean of addressing organizational concerns. Good
communication may help to increase job satisfaction,
safety, productivity, and profits and decrease
grievances and turnover.
Under Internal Business Communication types, there come:
A.UPWARD COMMUNICATION- Upward communication
is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors,
or from employees to management. Without upward
communication, management works in a vaccum, not
knowing if the messages have been received properly, or if
other problems exist in the organization. Upward
communication is a mean for the staff to:
1. Exchange information
2. Offer Ideas
3. Express enthusiasm
4. Achieve job satisfaction
5. Provide feedback
B. DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION- Information flowing
from the top of the organizational management hierarchy and
telling people in the organization what is important (mission)
and what is valued (policies). Downward communication
generally provides information- which allows a subordinate to
do something. For example, instructions on how to complete a
task. This type of communication is needed in an organization
to:
1 Transmit vital information
2. Give instructions
3. Encourage 2-way discussion
4. Announce decisions
5. Seek cooperation
6. Provide motivation
7. Boost morale
8. Increase efficiency
9. Obtain feedback

Both downward and upward communication are

collectively called “Vertical Communication”
C. HORIZONTAL/ LATERAL COMMUNICATION-
Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating
information, and allows people with the same or similar rank in
an organization to cooperate or collaborate. Communication
among employees at the same level is crucial for the
accomplishment of the assigned work. Horizontal
communication is essential for:
1. Solving Problems
2. Accomplishing Tasks
3. Improving Teamwork
4. Building goodwill
5. Boosting efficiency
Main Internal functions of business
communication are as under:
1. Information to Management- Business communication
makes relevant information, facts etc available to the
management. It is on the basis of these information and
facts that management takes those decisions which are
helpful for its growth and progress.
2. Information to Employees- Business communication
makes relevant information available to the employees.
How a particular task is to be performed, what is required
to accomplish it, how the employees will be rewarded on
completion of the task etc are important information that
can be obtained through business communication.
3. Improvement in Morale- By providing detailed
information regarding all tasks and individual objectives to
employees, business communication helps improve their
morale. Morale of an employee improves, only when he is
made to feel an integral part of the organization. Business
communication performs this function very efficiently.

In short, internal communication helps increase job-

satisfaction, safety, productivity and profits and at the
same time, it decreases absenteeism, grievances and
inefficiency.
EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS
Communication with people outside the company is
called “external communication”. Supervisors
communicate with sources outside the organization,
such as vendors and customers.
It leads to better:
1. Sales Volume
2. Public credibility
3. Operational efficiency
4. Company Profits
Good external communication improve overall performance,
public goodwill and corporate image of an organization and
in the long run, it helps to achieve organizational goals and
customer satisfaction.

FUNCTIONS OF EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION

1. To make relations with the suppliers- Business
communication establishes relations with outside suppliers.
It is through business communication that suppliers are
informed about which raw material is required and when, in
what quantity and of what quality is the same required.
2. Sale of Goods and Services- A business approaches the
prospective customer equipped with information regarding
his product, its importance, quality etc. all though business
communication.
3. Report to Owner-shareholder- Shareholders are the owners
of the business and so must be kept informed about each and
every information of the business. This function is performed
efficiently by business communication.
4. Report to Government- Business communication is also
used to render necessary reports to the government and to
render various returns as per requirement of existing law.
5. To create goodwill for the business- Every business survives
and progresses on its goodwill. Business communication
performs an important function to create and maintain
goodwill for the business.
Basic Forms of Communication
These basic forms are also known ad methods, channels
or medium of communication.
Basic Forms of Communication

Verbal Non-Verbal
Communication Communication

Oral
Written
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication refers to be the form of communication
in which message is transmitted verbally; communication is
done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of
every communication is to have people understand what we
are trying to convey. In verbal communication remember the
principle: KEEP IT SHORT AND SIMPLE
One can have good verbal communication by focusing on these
verbal skills:
1. Speak Clearly- Speak loud enough for others to hear, and
enunciate your words. Focus on sounding out each syllable so
that the person you are talking to can understand you easily.
2. Choose your words carefully- The words you use
should be appropriate by anyone’s standards.
3. Use the appropriate tone- Your tone or sound of your
voice, says a lot about what you’re saying and how
you feel. Make sure the tone of your voice matches the
words and the sentiment you are expressing.
4. Consider your audience- Sometimes you might want
to change your communication style or how you
communicate, depending on who you are talking with.
How you speak to your five-year-old niece is not the
same way you should speak to your boss.
5. Respond appropriately- Responding appropriately
requires that you think before you speak.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
PARTS
Further verbal communication is divided into two forms i.e
oral and written communication.
ORAL COMMUNICATION- In oral communication,
spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face
conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video,
radio, television, voice over internet. In oral
communication, communication is influence by pitch,
volume, speed and clarity of speaking.

Casual conversation among friends as well as political

debates fall into this category.
Advantages of Oral Communication
1. Quickness in exchange of ideas- Ideas can be conveyed to
distant places quickly because this medium does not require
messages to be written.
2. Quick Feedback- Oral communication helps in understanding
the extent to which the receiver has understood the message
through his feelings during the course of conversation.
3. Flexibility- Oral communication has an element of flexibility
inherent in it. Flexibility means changing ideas according to
the situation. It means changing of ideas according to the
interest of the receiver.
4. Economic Source- IT is an economic source of
communication because the message is communicated orally.
5. Personal Touch- Oral communication has a personal touch.
Both the sides can understand each other’s feelings, being face
to face.
6. Effective Source- Oral communication leaves strong
impression on the receiver.
7. Removal of misunderstanding- In this sort of communication,
doubts can be removed then and there.
LIMITATIONS OR DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Unfit for lengthy message- Oral communication is profitable
in having a brief exchange of ideas only. It is not possible for
the receiver to remember long messages.
2. Unfit for policy matters- Where policies, rules or other
important messages are to be communicated, oral
communication is of no use.
3. Lack of written proof- In case of oral communication, no
written proof is left for future reference.
4. Lack of clarity- Lack of clarity takes place when there is little
time for conversation. Something wrong can be uttered in a
hurry which can lead to negative results.
FORMS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
There can be many forms of oral communication depending upon
the situations.
1. Face-to-face conversation
2. Lectures
3. Meetings and Conferences
4. Interviews
5. Telephonic Talks
6. Social and cultural affairs
7. Seminars
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION- In written communication,
written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written
message may be printed or hand written. In written
communication message can be transmitted via email, letter,
report, memo etc. Message in written communication is
influenced by the vocabulary and grammar used, writing style,
precision and clarity of the language used. Written
communication is most common form of communication
being used in business. So, it is considered core among
business skills.
Memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals
and electronic mail are the types of written communication
used for internal communication. For communicating with
external environment in writing, e-mail, Internet web sites,
letters, proposals, telegrams, faxes, contracts, advertisements,
brochures and news releases are used.
Advantages of Written
communication
1. Messages can be edited and revised many time before it
is actually sent.
2. Written communication provide record for every
message sent and can be saved for later study.
3. A written message enables receiver to fully understand
it and send appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages of written communication:
1. Unlike oral communication, written communication does
not bring instant feedback.
2. It takes more time in composing a written message as
compared to word-of-mouth.
NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
“The most important part of communication is hearing what
isn’t said.”- Peter Drucker

Although verbal communication is important, spoken words

make up only a small part of communication. The majority
of communication is nonverbal. Nonverbal communication
is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We can
say that communication other than oral and written, such
as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial
expressions is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal
communication is all about the body language of speaker.
Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the
message received. Often, nonverbal signals reflects the
situation more accurately than verbal messages.
FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Acc to Thill and Bovee- Nonverbal communication has six
specific functions:
. To provide information, either consciously or unconsciously.
. To regulate the flow of conversation.
. To express emotion.
. To qualify, complement or expand verbal messages.
. To control or influence others.
. To facilitate and simplify specific tasks.
FORMAL AND INFORMAL
FORM OF COMMUNICATION
Someone said correctly “The very attempt of, not to speak,
speaks a lot.”Communication plays a crucial role in our
life, as people interchange their ideas, information,
feelings, opinions by communicating. Formal
communication is one that passes through predefined
channels of communication throughout the organization.
On the contrary, Informal communication refers to the
form of communication which flows in every direction,
i.e. it moves freely in the organization.
In an organization, there are two channels of communication
– formal communication and informal communication.
Definition of Formal Communication
The communication in which the flow of information
is already defined is termed as Formal
Communication. The communication follows
a hierarchical chain of command which is established
by the organisation itself. In general, this type of
communication is used exclusively in the workplace,
and the employees are bound to follow it while
performing their duties.
Example: Requests, commands, orders, reports etc.
The formal communication is of four types:
Upward or Bottom-up: The communication in which
the flow of information goes from subordinate to superior
authority.
Downward or Top-down: The communication in which
the flow of information goes from superior to
subordinate.
Horizontal or Lateral: The communication between two
employees of different departments working at the same
level.
Crosswise or Diagonal: The communication between the
employees of two different departments working at
different levels.
Definition of Informal Communication
The communication which does not follow any pre-
defined channel for the transmission of information is
known as informal communication. This type of
communication moves freely in all directions, and thus,
it is very quick and rapid. In any organization, this type
of communication is very natural as people interact
with each other about their professional life, personal
life, and other matter.
Example: Sharing of feelings, casual discussion,
gossips, etc.
The informal communication is of four types:
Single Strand Chain: The communication in which
one person tell something to another, who again says
something to some other person and the process goes
on.
SINGLE STRAND CHAIN
Cluster Chain: The communication in which one
person tells something to some of its most trusted
people, and then they tells them to their
trustworthy friends and the communication continues.
CLUSTER CHAIN
Probability Chain: The communication happens when
a person randomly chooses some persons to pass on
the information which is of little interest but not
important.
PROBABILITY CHAIN
Gossip Chain: The communication starts when a person
tells something to a group of people, and then they
pass on the information to some more people and in
this way the information is passed on to everyone.
GOSSIP CHAIN
Key Differences Between Formal
and Informal Communication
The following points are substantial, so far as the difference
between formal and informal communication is concerned.
Formal communication is also known by the name of
official communication. Informal Communication is also
known by the name of grapevine.
In formal communication, the information must follow a
chain of command. Conversely, the informal
communication can move freely in any direction.
In formal communication, full secrecy is maintained, but in
the case of informal communication maintenance of
secrecy is a very tough task.
Formal communication is written, whereas Informal
communication is oral.
Formal communication is time-consuming as opposed to
Informal communication, which is rapid and quick.
Formal communication is more reliable than Informal
communication.
Formal communication is designed by the organization.
Informal communication starts itself due to the urge of
‘human to talk’.
In formal communication, the documentary evidence is
always available. On the other hand, in the case of
informal communication, the supporting documents are
not available.
Elements/Components of
Communication Process
Idea
Sender
Message
Encoding
Medium and Chaneel
Receiver
Decoder
Feedback
• IDEA
 Every message whether oral or written begins with
an idea. Every idea refers to some context. Context
is a broad field that includes external and internal
events.
Internal aspect of context is that every business
organization has its own convention for processing
and communicating information.

External aspect is the external action that prompts

you to communicate your idea. The source may be
letter, memo, fax, telephone call etc.
• SENDER

 Sender is the person who sends message.

The process of communication begins when an idea
occurs in his mind. The sender wants to send that idea
to another person or organization to achieve some
objective.
• MESSAGE
The idea, emotion or opinion transmitted by the sender
is called message. Message is an idea transformed into
words. The message can be expressed in different
ways depending on the subject, purpose, audience,
personal style and cultural background of the sender.
Encoding
The transmission of message in words or in any other
way is called encoding. The idea is transmitted by the
sender to the receiver in the form of words, symbols,
pictures, day to day language etc.
• MEDIUM and CHANNEL
Medium is the channel through which encoder will
communicate his message. Your medium to send a
message, may be print, electronic, or sound. Medium may
be a person as postman. The choice of medium totally
depends on the nature of you message. Choice of medium
is also influence by the relationship between the sender
and receiver.
The oral medium, to convey your message, is effective
when your message is urgent, personal or when immediate
feedback is desired. While, when your message is long,
technical and needs to be documented, then written
medium should be preferred that is formal in nature.
• RECEIVER
The person to whom the message is being sent is
called ‘receiver’. Receiver may be a listener or a reader
depending on the choice of medium by sender to
transmit the message. Receiver is also influenced by
the context, internal and external stimuli.
Receiver is the person who interprets the message,
so higher the chances are of mis-communication
because of receivers perception, opinion, attitude and
personality.
DECODING
Decoding is a mental process by which the receiver
draws meanings, from the words, symbols or pictures
of the message. Receiver does decoding or understands
it. That is the reason he is called decoder also.
 • FEEDBACK

Response or reaction of the receiver, to a message, is called

‘feedback’. Feedback may be written or oral message, an
action or simply, silence may also be a feedback to a message.

Feedback is the most important component of

communication in business. Communication is said to be
effective only when it receives some feedback. Feedback,
actually, completes the loop of communication.
Process of Communication

Receiver sends
Feedback
Sender has an idea

Receiver Decodes the

Sender encodes idea message
in message

Channel Receiver gets the

Or message
Sender Transmits
the idea/message Message
Models of Communication
Linear Model
Comprises of Following models:
Sender-receiver model
Shannon-Weaver Model
Lasswell Model of Communication
Sender Receiver Model or Aristotle
Theory of One Way Communication
One way process
Flow of information from sender to
Receiver.
Receiver passively receives the message
No distortion or change
Harold Lasswell’s Model of
Communication
Advantages : Disadvantages:
Easy to understand Noise is not mentioned
Suitable for all types of One-sided model of
communication communication
Concept of effect is
useful to understand the
reaction of receiver.
Shannon Weaver Linear Model:
 Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, 1949
 According to them, noise and filters distort the message
 They propounded the concept of feedback, but could not integrate it.
 Elements of the model:
 Information source
 Message
 Transmitter
 Signal and channel
 Noise
 Receiver
 Destination
Criticism:
One sided
No place for feedback
Does not deal with meaning,content and substance.
 Non Linear Model
SMCR Model
Thill and Bovee Model
Intearctive Model
Transactional Model
Schramm’s Model
Lesikar & Flatley Model
SMCR Model
In 1960, David Berlo expanded Shannon and Weaver’s linear
model of communication and created the Sender-Message-
Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model of communication.
He described factors affecting the individual components in
the communication makes the communication more effective.
The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which
happens before sender sends the message and before receiver
receives the message respectively.
Berlo’s Model has mainly four components to describe the
communication process. They are sender, message, channel
and receiver . Each of the component is affected by many
factors.
Linear_comm_model.svg
Components of Berlo’s Model of
Communication
S-SENDER
Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates
the message. The person or source sends the message to the
receiver. The following are the factors related to sender and is
also the same in the case of reciver.
. Communication Skills- Communication skills of a person is a
factor that affects the communication process. If the sender has
good communication skills, the message will be communicated
better than if the sender’s communication skills are not good.
Similarly, if the receiver can not grasp the message, then the
communication will not be effective. Communication skills
include the skills to speak, present, read, write, listening etc.
Attitude- The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates
the effect on the message. The person’s attitude towards self,
the receiver and the environment changes the meaning and
effect of the message.
Knowledge- Familiarity with the subject of the message
makes the communicated message have its effect more.
Knowledge of the subject matter makes the communicator
send the message effectively.
Social Systems- Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many
other social factors affect the sender’s way of communicating
the message. It creates difference in the generation of
message. Place and situation also fall under social systems.
Culture- Cultural differences make messages different. A
person from one culture might find something offensive which
is very much accepted in another culture.
. M-MESSAGE
A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the
receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or
other media. The key factors affecting the message are:
. Content- Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole
message from beginning to end is the content.
. Elements- Elements are the non verbal things that tag along
with the content like gestures, signs, language etc.
Treatment- Treatment is the way in which the message is
conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also effects the
feedback of the receiver.
Structure- The structure of the message or the way it has
been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the
message.
Code- Code is the form in which the message is sent. It
might be in the form of language, text, video etc.
. C-CHANNEL- Channel is the medium used to send the
message. In mass communication and other froms of
communication, technical machines might be used as a
channel like telephone, internet etc. But in general
communication, the five senses of a human being is the
channel for the communication flow and it affects the
effectiveness of the channel.
Hearing-We receive the message through hearing.
Seeing- We perceive through seeing. We also get non-
verbal messages by seeing.
Touching- Many of the non-verbal communication
happens from touching like holding hands.
Smelling- We collect information from smelling.
Tasting- Taste also provides the information to be sent
as a message.
Receiver- Receiver is the person who gets the message
sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking
pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in
sync to that of the sender for the communication to be
effective. The message might not have the same effect as
intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The
receiver must also have a very good listening skill. Other
factors are similar to that of the sender.
Communication Skills
Attitudes
Knowledge
Social Systems
Culture
Criticism of berlo’s smcr model of communication:
•No feedback / don’t know about the effect- There is no
concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered.
• Barriers to communication- There is no concept of any
kind of barriers to communication process.
•No room for noise- There is no concept for noise
•Complex model
•Same level- It needs people to be on same level for
communication to occur but not true in real life
•Main drawback of the model is that the model omits the
usage of sixth sense as a channel which is actually a gift to
the human beings (thinking, understanding, analyzing etc).
Transactional Model
“ Transactional” means that communication is an ongoing
and continuously changing process. You are changing, the
people with whom you are communicating are changing, and
your environment is also continuously changing as well.
Transactional model of communication is the exchange of
messages between sender and receiver where each take turns
to send or receive messages. Here, both sender and receiver
are known as communicators and their role reverses each
time in the communication process as both processes of
sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
Communication is between two or more parties responding
to environment or each other.
Emphasizes reciprocal and bidirectional communication. Both
the parties are dependent on each other. Reciprocal Interaction
refers to an exchange in which individuals or objects exhibit
similar behavior, either at the same time or in a back-and-forth
manner. A good hug is a reciprocal interaction. Bidirectional
is a communication mode that is capable of transmitting data
in both directions (send and receive), but not at the same time.
Ex e-mail, face-to-face, telephone communication
Verbal and non verbal behaviors are necessary parts of
transactional process.
Characterized by common field of experience between both
communicators.
Field of experience refers to a person’s culture, past
experience, personal history and their influences on
communication.
Transactional Model
The transactional model is the most general model of
communication. Everyday talk and interactions are
also a form of transactional model communication. It
is more efficient for communicators with similar
environment and individual aspects. For instance,
communication between people who know each other
is more efficient as they share same social system.
Features of Transactional Model:

Continuous process
Shared responsibility
Message have both content and relationship
dimensions
Interdependent
Personal
Factors affecting Transactional
Model and Criticisms of
Transactional Model
Refer to website
https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/transactio
nal-model-communication
Schramm’s Model of
Communication
Schramm’s Model of Communication was postulated by
WILBUR SCHRAMM in 1954, where he suggested
that communication is a two way process where both
sender and receiver take turns to send and receive a
message.
. This model was adapted from the theories of another
theorist OSGOOD, so is also known as OSGOOD
AND SCHRAMM model of communication or
ENCODE-DECODE Model of Communication.
. The Osgood-Schramm model of communication is a
circular, rather than linear, way of messaging.
Schramm’s Model of
Communication:
The Osgood-Schramm model is built on the theory
that communication is a two-way street, with a sender
and a receiver. Osgood popularized the notion that
communication was circular rather than linear,
meaning that it required two participants taking turns
sending and receiving a message.
Later, Wilbur Schramm, who talked about the model
in his book, The Process and Effects of
Communication, adapted the model and added the
notion of field of experience, or commonality, to the
mix. Field of Experience incorporates what is
mutually understood between the sender and receiver.
Different Components of Schramm’s
Model
Sender (transmitter)- Sender is the person who sends the
message.
Encoder- Encoder is the person who converts the
message to be sent into codes.
Decoder- Decoder is the person who gets the encoded
message which has been sent by the encoder and converts
it into the language understandable by the person
Interpreter- Interpreter is the person who tries to
understand and analyze the message. Message is received
after interpretation. Interpreter and receiver is the same
person.
Receiver- Receiver is the person who gets the message.
He/she decodes and interprets the actual message.
Message- Message is the data sent by the sender and
information that the receiver gets.
Feedback- Feedback is the process of responding to the
received message by the receiver.
Medium- Medium or media is the channel used to send
the message.
Noise- Noise is the interference and interruptions
caused during the process. It is also created when the
intended meaning of the message sent by the sender
and the meaning interpreted by the receiver is different
which is known as Semantic Noise.
How Schramm’s Model Works
Refer Blackboard

In the Osgood-Schramm model, messages travel back

and forth between the sender and the receiver. In this
way, the sender can deliver one message and then
become the receiver, getting a message.
ADVANTAGES
Circular communication gives opportunity to both parties to
give their opinion.
As it is dynamic and ever changing model, it is helpful in
general practice.
Sender and receiver interchanges and both are equally active.
Semantic noise included as a concept helps in understanding
problems that can occur during interpretation of message.
Feedback makes it easier to know if the message is interpreted
by the receiver as intended or not.
Concept of interpretation makes the communication effective.
Field of Experience (psychological effect) helps to understand
the communication process in many other ways than the
traditional ones.
DISADVANTAGES
. This model can not deal with multiple levels of
communication and complex communication
processes.
. There can only be two sources communicating, many
sources complicates the process and the model can not
be implemented.
. Message sent and received might be interpreted
differently than intended.
Murphy’s Model of Communication
This communication process model is propounded by
three persons namely: H.A . Murphy, H.W. Hildbrant
and J.P. Thomas
Six Components: Context, sender-encoder, message,
medium, receiver- decoder, feedback
Components of Murphy’s Model
Context- Context is a broad field that includes country,
culture, organization, internal and external cause of action
and every message whether oral or written begins with
context.
Sender-Encoder- The sender-encoder uses symbols, words
etc to express the message and create desired response.
Message- The message is the core idea, the sender wishes
to communicate. It consists of both verbal and non-verbal
symbols.
Medium- It is the channel through which a message is
communicated. It can be print medium, mail medium etc.
Receiver-decoder- The receiver or listener is the
person who receives the message and decodes it.
Feedback- Feedback can be oral or written Sender
needs feedback in order to determine the success or
failure of the communication.
Thill & Bovee Model
Developed by Thill and Bovee
Communication is more than a single act.
Five Phases: Idea, idea becomes message, message is
transmitted, receiver gets the message and receiver
sends feedback.
Lesikar, Petitt and Flatley Model of
Communication:
R.V.Lesikar, J.D. Petitt and M.E. Flatley
Real world, full of symbols and stimuli (a thing that arouses
activity or energy in someone or something)
Communication is the result of those symbols and senses
Assuming that there are two people Kevin and Marci
communicating with each other.
Five situations:
a. The beginning
b. Detection by senses
c. Filtering Process
d. Formation and sending of Response
e. Cycle Repeated.
Theories of Communication
Message Theories
A. Verbal Message Theories:
 Co-ordinated Management of Meaning
 Symbolic Interaction Theory
B. Non Verbal Message Theories:
 Expectancy Violation Theory
Interpersonal Communication
Theory
 Social Penetration Theory
 Uncertainty Reduction Theory
 Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Group & Public Communication
Theory
Group Think
Cultural approach to organizations
Rhetoric
Dramatism
Organizational Communication
Theory
Organization Information Theory
Mass Communication Theory
Cultivation Analysis Theory
Cultural Studies
Spiral of Silence Theory
Cultural Context Theories
Face-negotiation Theory
Muted Group Theory
Thank You