THE FIFTH ELEMENT OF THE

FUTURE…

Group Members-
Prince Kumar Yadav
Yaqub Husain
Abhinav Srivastava
Ashwani Rawat
Vijay Kumar Yadav
Ashish Chandra Srivastava
Majeev Kumar
Ankit Verma
Ankur mishra
Sandip Kumar
INTRODUCTION TO GLASS :
IT IS A MIXTURE OF NUMBER OF METTALIC SILICATE, ONE OF
WHICH IS USUALLY THAT OF AN ALKALI METAL. MOST
IMPORTANT FACT ABOUT GLASS IS IT IS AMORPHOUS,
TRANSPARENT OR TRANSLUCENT.
THE GLASS HAS BEEN USED AS AN ENGINEERING
MATERIAL SINCE ANCIENT TIMES. BUT BECAUSE OF THE
RAPID PROGRESS MADE IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY IN RECENT
TIMES, THE GLASS HAS COME OUT AS THE MOST VERSATILE
ENGINEERING MATERIAL OF THE MODERN TIMES. WITH THE
HELP OF TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY,
THE GLASS OF ANY TYPE AND QUALITY CAN BE PRODUCED
TO SUIT THE REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES
FACT FILE :
THE FIBRE GLASS REINFORCED WITH PLASTICS CAN BE USED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF FURNITURE, LAMPSHADES, BATHROOM FITTINGS,
NAVY BOATS, AEROPLANES, CARS, TRUCKS, ETC.
THE GLASS IS THE ONLY TRANSPARENT MATERIAL STRONG ENOUGH
TO GO UPTO THE BOTTOM OF OCEAN. IT IS THEREFORE USED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF NOSES OF DEEP-DIVING VEHICLES.
THE GLASS LININGS ARE APPLIED ON EQUIPMENTS LIKELY TO BE
AFFECTED BY THE CHEMICAL CORROSION SUCH AS VALVES, PUMPS,
PIPES, ETC.
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN HOMES, THE WALLS AND
CEILINGS OF HOLLOW GLASS BLOCKS CAN BE MADE WHICH
CONTROLS THE GLARE AND HEAT CONSIDERABLY WHILE ADMITTING
THE LIGHT.
CHARACTERSTICS OF GLASS :
IT ABSORBS, REFLECTS OR TRANSMITS LIGHT.
IT HAS NO SHARP MELTING POINT.
IT IS AN EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL INSULATOR AT HIGH
TEMPERATURES DUE TO THE FACT THAT GLASS CAN BE
CONSIDERED AS AN IONIC LIQUID.
IT IS EXTREMELY BRITTLE.
IT IS NOT USUALLY AFFECTED BY AIR OR WATER.
IT IS NOT EASILY ATTACKED BY ORDINARY CHEMICAL REAGENTS.
IT IS POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN GLASSES WITH DIVERSIFIED PROPERTIES
AS THE GLASSES MAY BE CLEAR, COLOURLESS, DIFFUSED AND
STAINED.
IT IS POSSIBLE TO WELD PIECES OF GLASS BY FUSION.
IT IS TRANSPARENT WHICH IS THE MOST USED
CHARACTERISTIC OF GLASS.
WHEN IT IS HEATED, IT BECOMES SOFT AND ULTIMATELY
TRANSFORMS INTO A MOBILE LIQUID AND THIS PROPERTY OF
GLASS HAS MADE IT TO BE TRANSFORMED INTO ARTICLES OF
DESIRED SHAPE.
CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS:
BASED ON THE MATERIAL USED DURING THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS,
THE GLASS CAN MAINLY BE CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR CATEGORIES:
SODA-LIME GLASS
POTASH-LIME GLASS
POTASH-LEAD GLASS
COMMON GLASS
THE COMPOSITION OF THE GLASS OF ABOVE TYPE IS AS FOLLOWS:
TYPE COMPOSITION
SODA-LIME GLASS Na2O CaO 6SiO2
POTASH-LIME GLASS K2O CaO 6SiO2

POTASH LEAD GLASS K2O PbO 6SiO2

SODA-LIME GLASS:
IT IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS SODA GLASS OR SOFT GLASS.

PROPERTIES:

IT IS AVAILABLE IN CLEAN AND CLEAR STATE.

IT IS CHEAP.
IT IS EASILY FUSIBLE AT COMPARATIVELY LOW
TEMPERATURES.
IT IS POSSIBLE TO WELD ARTICLES MADE FROM THIS GLASS
WITH THE HELP OF SIMPLE SOURCES OF HEAT.

USES:
IT IS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS TUBES AND OTHER
LABORATORY APPARATUS, PLATE GLASS, WINDOW GLASS, ETC.
POTASH-LEAD GLASS:
THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE FLINT GLASS. IT IS MAINLY A MIXTURE OF
POTASSIUM SILICATE AND LEAD SILICATE.

PROPERTIES:
IT FUSES VERY EASILY.
IT IS EASILY ATTACKED BY AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.
IT POSSESSES BRIGHT LUSTRE AND GREAT REFLECTIVE
POWER.

USES:
IT IS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL GEMS, ELECTRIC
BULBS, LENSES, PRISMS, ETC
COMMON GLASS:
THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE BOTTLE GLASS. IT IS PREPARED FROM
CHEAP RAW MATERIALS. IT IS MAINLY A MIXTURE OF SODIUM SILICATE,
CALCIUM SILICATE AND IRON SILICATE.

PROPERTIES:

IT FUSES WITH DIFFICULTY.

IT IS BROWN, GREEN OR YELLOW IN COLOUR.
IT IS EASILY ATTACKED BY ACIDS.

USES:
IT IS MAINLY USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MEDICINE BOTTLES.
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS:
 COLOURED GLASS:
NO COLOUR SUBSTANCE
1 BLUE COBALT OXIDE, CUPRIC OXIDE (CuO )
2 DARK BLUE OR DARK COBALT, MANGNESE AND IRON OXIDES
BROWN OR DARK VOILET
3 GREEN FERRIC OXIDE ( Fe3O4 ), CHROMIUM
OXIDE ( Cr2O3)
4 RED CUPROUS OXIDE ( Cu2O ), METALLIC
GOLD
5 VOILET MANGANESE DIOXIDE ( MnO2)
6 WHITE OPAQUE TIN OXIDE,
CALCIUM PHOSPHORATE [Ca3( PO4 )2]
7 YELLOW OR BROWN ANTIMONY TRISULPHATE ( Sb2S3 ),
CHARCOAL, SILVER BORATE, ETC.
Manufacture of glass:

 Collection of raw material

 Preparation of batch
 Melting in furnace
 Fabrication
 Annealing
Collection of raw material:
The material of glass defers according to the requirement
and the use of glass. Broadly the materials according to the type can
be listed as:

No Type Of Raw material

. Glass
1 Soda-Lime glass Chalk, Soda ash and clean sand
2 Potash – Lime Glass Chalk, Potassium carbonate, and clean sand
3 Potash – Lead Glass Litharge ( Lead Mono Oxide PbO ), lead
sesquioxide ( Pb3O4 ), Potassium Carbonate
and Pure sand
4 Common Glass Chalk, Salt Cake ( Na2SO4 ), Coke, Ordinary
Sand, Etc.
 In addition to the raw materials, the cullet and decolorize are also
added for each type of glass.

The cullet indicates waste glass or

pieces of broken glass. They increase
the fusibility of glass and prevent loss
of alkali by valorization during the
reaction in forming new glass.
They also reduce the cost.
 The raw materials generally contain traces of the iro
compounds. The ferrous oxide imparts a green color t
glass and ferric oxide imparts a very light yellow tint. T
avoid such effects, the decolorizes are added. The usu
substances used as decolorizes are antimony oxide
(Sb2O3), arsenic oxide (As2O3), cobalt oxide (CaO),
manganese dioxide (MnO2) and nickel oxide (Nio).
Fabrication:
The molten glass is given suitable shape or form
in this stage. It can either be done by hand or by
machine, the hand fabrication is adopted for small scale
production and machine fabrication is adopted for large
scale production.
Various methods of fabrication are:

Blowing Pressing

Rolling Casting

Spinning Drawing
Blowing:
In this process the molten glass
is blowed from one end with the help of a
pipe in order to form and cylinder. Then
the cylinder shape when obtained of
desired length, is allowed to cool down
and while cooling it is cut from diameter
in order to form a plain sheet.
Casting:
The molten glass is poured in
moulds and it is allowed to cool down
slowly The large pieces of glass of simple
design can be prepared by this method. It
is also adopted to prepare mirrors. lenses,
etc.
Pressing:
In this process, the molten glass is pressed into moulds
The pressure may either be applied by hand or by mechanical
means This process is adopted for ornamental articles, hollow
glass articles. etc.

Annealing:
The glass articles are then allowed to cool down slowly and
gradually. This process of slow and homogeneous cooling of
glass articles is known as the annealing of glass.

Following are the two methods of annealing:

Flue treatment
Oven treatment.
Treatment of Glass:

Bending:
The glass may be bent into desired shape by placing it in
ovens in which the temperature can be regulated. The glass in the
form of rods, sheets or tubes is placed in such ovens and heated. It is
then bent when it is suitably heated.

Cutting:
The glass is cut in required sizes with the help diamond or
rough glasses or small wheels of hardened steel.
Silvering:
This process consists in applying a very thin coat of tin on
the surface of glass. The silver is deposited on this layer of tin. A
suitable paint is then applied to give protection against the
atmospheric effects.
 SPECIAL VARITIES OF GLASS:

BULLET PROOF GLASS SAFETY GLASS

FIBRE GLASS PERFORATED GLASS

FLOAT GLASS SHIELDING GLASS

FOAM GLASS SOLUBLE GLASS

GLASS BLOCKS STRUCTURAL GLASS

HEAT EXCLUDING GLASS ULTRA VOILET RAY

GLASS
OBSCURED GLASS
WIRED GLASS
BULLET-PROOF GLASS:
THIS GLASS IS MADE OF SEVERAL
LAYERS OF GLASS AND ALTERNATE
LAYERS CONSIST OF VINYL-RESIN
PLASTIC. THE OUTER LAYERS OF
PLATE GLASS ARE MADE THINNER
THAN THE INNER LAYERS. THE
SPECIAL CARE IS TO BE TAKEN FOR
HEATING AND COOLING OF LAYERS
DURING MANUFACTURE. THE
THICKNESS OF THIS TYPE OF GLASS
MAY VARY FROM 15 MM TO 75 MM OR
MORE. IT WILL NOT ALLOW BULLET TO
PIERCE THROUGH IT MORE OVER IT
DOES NOT SCATTERS.
FIBRE GLASS:

THE FIBRE GLASS IS COMPOSED OF

MINUTE GLASS RODS AND EACH GLASS
ROD RESEMBLES THE PARENT MATERIAL
IN ALL RESPECTS.
IT IS PROOF AGAINST FIRE, VERMIN'S,
WATER AND ACIDS.
IT CAN BE PREPARED EITHER IN THE
FORM OF CONTINUOUS STRANDS JUST
LIKE SILK OR IN THE STAPLE FORM JUST
LIKE WOOL.
THIS IS A SPECIAL TYPE OF GLASS AND
IT IS USED FOR THERMAL INSULATIONS,
SHEETS, FIBRE GLASS REINFORCED
PLASTICS, ETC.
FLOAT GLASS:
THE MOLTEN GLASS COMING OUT OF THE FURNACE IS ALLOWED
TO FLOAT ON THE MOLTEN TIN. THE GLASS THUS FORMED IS
KNOWN AS THE FLOAT GLASS
IT IS THEN FURTHER ANNEALED TO REMOVE ALL THE STRESSES.
IT IS WIDELY USED FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS, COMMERCIAL
COMPLEXES, FURNITURE ARTICLES, ETC. IT IS SUPERIOR TO
ORDINARY SHEET GLASS
ADVANTAGES:

IT IS AESTHETIC IN APPEARANCE AND ITS USE HAS OPENED UNLIMITED

POSSIBILITIES OF INNOVATION IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.
IT IS AVAILABLE IN LARGER SIZES AND VARIOUS THICKNESSES.
IT IS IDEALLY SUITABLE FOR SOLAR APPLICATIONS DUE TO HIGH LIGHT
TRANSMISSION AND IT RESULTS IN HIGHER EFFICIENCY.
IT IS TOUGHER AND MORE SCRATCH-RESISTANT.
IT MAKES THE WINDOWS TO TRANSMIT MORE NATURAL LIGHT AND THE
MIRRORS TO GIVE TRUE IMAGES.
IT POSSESSES HIGH OPTICAL CLARITY AND SUPERIOR SAFETY
PROPERTIES.
THERE IS NO REFRACTION DEFECT DUE TO UNIFORM THICKNESS AND
SUPERIOR OPTICAL CLARITY AND THUS THERE IS LESS EYE STRAIN.
FOAM GLASS:

THE FOAM GLASS IS PREPARED IN THE FORM OF RECTANGULAR

BLOCKS.
THE FINELY GROUND GLASS AND CARBON ARE THOROUGHLY
MIXED AND THE MIXTURE IS THEN MELTED IN A FURNACE.
AT THE TIME OF MELTING, THE MIXTURE EXPANDS AND CHANGES
THE FORM TO THE BLACK FOAM.
THE RESULTING GLASS MATERIAL FLOATS IN WATER AND IT
CAN BE CUT LIKE WOOD AS IT CONTAINS MILLIONS OF INERT
AIR CELLS.
IT IS FIRE-PROOF, RIGID AND AN EXCELLENT HEAT INSULATOR.
IT CAN BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CORK FOR USE IN AIR-
CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRIES.
GLASS BLOCKS:

THESE ARE PARTIALLY EVACUATED AND COMPLETELY SEALED

HOLLOW UNITS WHICH ARE FORMED BY FUSING TOGETHER TWO-
HALVES OF PRESSED GLASS. THE EDGES ARE COATED WITH A GRIT
BEARING PLASTIC MATERIAL SO THAT PERMANENT AND EFFECTIVE
BOND WITH THE MORTAR IS ENSURED.
THE GLASS BLOCK ARE AVAILABLE IN SQUARE SIZES WITH
DIMENSIONS OF 150 MM, 200 MM AND 300 MM WITH THE APPROXIMATE
THICKNESS OF 100 MM. ONE OR BOTH THE FACES OF THE BLOCKS
ARE SUITABLY TREATED TO DIFFUSE LIGHT. THESE BLOCKS POSSESS
HIGH INSULATING VALUE AND THEY ARE SET IN CEMENT MORTAR.
ADVANTAGES:

THEY ARE EASY TO CLEAN AND HENCE THEY CAN BE WELL

MAINTAINED.
THEY ARE EXCELLENT IN LIGHT TRANSMISSION.
THEY PROVIDE VERY GOOD INSULATION AGAINST COLD, HEAT AND
NOISE.
THE GLASS BLOCKS ARE NOT INTENDED TO CARRY SUPERIMPOSED
LOADS. BUT THEY POSSESS ADEQUATE STRENGTH TO CARRY
THEIR OWN WEIGHT UP TO A MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF 6 M.
HEAT-EXCLUDING GLASS:

THIS GLASS ALLOWS LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH IT, BUT IT ELIMINATES

HEAT. IT IS USED FOR WINDOWS OF COACHES OF HIGHER CLASS IN
RAILWAYS, IN WINDOW PANELS OF IMPORTANT BUILDINGS, ETC.

PERFORATED GLASS:

IN THIS TYPE OF GLASS, THE PERFORATIONS ARE MADE IN SHEET

GLASS WITH THE HELP OF ROLLERS. THE PERFORATIONS MAY BE
MADE DURING THE MANUFACTURE OR AFTER THE MANUFACTURE. IT IS
USED FOR PANELS IN VENTILATORS.
OBSCURED GLASS:

THIS GLASS IS USED AT PLACES WHERE LIGHT IS TO BE

TRANSMITTED BUT VISION IS TO BE OBSCURED.
IT HAS ONE SURFACE MADE OPAQUE BY MELTING POWDERED
GLASS UPON THE SURFACE.
IT CAN ALSO BE PREPARED BY THE ABRAIDING OR RUBBING
ACTION OF THE SAND BLAST. THUS THIS TYPE OF GLASS WILL
BE USEFUL FOR PUBLIC TOILETS, OFFICE DOORS, PARTITIONS,
ETC.
SAFETY GLASS:

THIS GLASS IS FORMED BY PLACING CELLULOID BETWEEN 4O SHEETS

OF THE PLATE GLASS AND THEN APPLYING GLUE TO MAKE A SINGLE
OF IT. IF GLASS BREAKS, IT DOES NOT SCATTERS. IT IS ALSO KNOWN
AS THE SHATTER-PROOF GLASS.

SHIELDING GLASS:

THIS IS A SPECIAL VARIETY OF GLASS AND IT CONTAINS HEAVY

ELEMENTS LIKE LEAD OXIDE (PbO), ETC. IT IS USED FOR WINDOWS
THROUGH WHICH HIGH RADIATION IS OBSERVED. DEPENDING UPON
THE TYPE OF RADIATION, THE QUALITY OF SHIELDING GLASS IS
DETERMINED.
WIRED GLASS:

IN THIS TYPE OF GLASS, THE STEEL WIRE MESH IS PLACED IN

GLASS DURING ROLLING OPERATION
THE MESH MAY HAVE HEXAGONAL OR SQUARE UNITS
IF THIS GLASS BREAKS, THE PIECES OF GLASS ARE HELD IN
POSITION BY THE MESH.
THIS GLASS IS ALSO FIRE RESISTANT.
THE WIRED GLASS IS USED FOR ROOFS, SKY LIGHTS, FIRE
RESISTANT DOORS AND WINDOWS.
STRUCTURAL GLASS:

THESE ARE IN THE FORM OF GLASS CRETES WHICH ARE SET IN

CEMENT CONCRETE AND REINFORCERD WITH STEEL FRAMES.
THESE BRICKS CAN BE USED AS LIGHT STRUCTURAL MEMBER
ALSO.
THEY ARE WIDELY USED FOR PAVEMENT LIGHTS, PARTITIONS,
LANTERN LIGHTS ETC.
GLASS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA:

WITH THE PROCESS OF INDUSTRIALISATION THE GLASS INDUSTRY

STARTED FLOURISHING IN INDIA AFTER THE INDEPENDENCE.
THE CENTRAL GLASS AND CERAMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE WAS SET
UP BY THE GOVERNMENT TO IMPART KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE
VARIOUS VARITIES OF GLASS.
THE PLANTS FOR MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF GLASS WAS
SET UP IN DIFFERENT AREAS TO BOAST THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
THE USE OF GLASS BECAME MORE AND MORE GIVING HIGH PROFIT TO
THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT.
NEARLY ALL COMMON TYPES OF GLASS USED WITHIN INDIA ARE
PRODUCED IN INDIA ITSELF.
DUE TO THE ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY AND THE
INSTITUTES, THERE IS A SOUND CO-ORDINATION BETWEEN
RESEARCH AND THE GLASS INDUSTRY OF INDIA.
THE USE OF GLASS STARTED EVERYWHERE, IN EVERY
PROJECT AND IN EVERY FIELD.
MARKET
SURVEY
PACKING:

THE GLASS ARE FIRST COVERED WITH THE SHOCK ABSORBING

MATERIALS LIKE FOAM ETC AND THEN IT IS KEPT INSIDE THE
WOODEN FRAME. THIS IS TO AVOID THE BREAKAGE AND THE
CRACKS DURING TRANSPORTATION.
THE GLASS TO BE TRANSPORTED IS INSURED BEFORE
DEPARTURING AS INSTEAD OF ALL MEASURES SOME BREAKAGE
STILL TAKES PLACE.
CUTTING:

FOR CUTTING, THE TOOL USED IS CALLED DIAMOND CUTTER.

THIS DIAMOND CUTTER HAS A DIAMOND LINING ON A METAL
HANDLE.
THIS TOOL IS USED FIRSTLY
TO MAKE THE LINE ALONG WHICH THE
GLASS IS TO BE CUT THEN IT IS THEN
HIT FROM THE BOTTOM GENTLY OR
IF IT IS THIN THEN ONLY HANDS ARE
ENOUGH TO BREAK THE GLASS IN TWO
PIECES.
THE MAXIMUM THICKNESS OF GLASS READILY AVAILABLE IN
MARKET IS 12 MM BUT FURTHER IT COULD BE MADE MORE
THICK ON ORDER.

THE MINIMUM THICKNESS AVAILABLE IS 3 MM.

IN MARKET THE GLASS CAN BE HAD IN THE THICKNESS OF 3,

4, 5, 6, 6.5, 8, 10, 12 MM.

THE GLASS COMES IN SHEETS OF SIZE 4 FT X 8 FT, 6 FT X 8

FT, 7 FT X 10 FT.
Painted glass:
In order to make the glass
attractive by using colors, glass is
painted by a special process. In this
the first thing is that the pattern is
printed in a block and then a white
sticker is pasted on it. With the help of
knife or any cutting tool. The desired
pattern is obtained by taking out the
cut out pieces. Then the desired color
is then applied.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
PRECIOUS TIME