HOT AND DRY

CLIMATE
 This climatic condition generally
occurs at latitude between 15
degrees to 30 degrees on both the
hemispheres. Maximum daytime
summer temperature goes as high as
45 degree centigrade and relative
humidity as low up to 20 %.

This type of climate is experienced

in areas far from sea coasts and do
not receive heavy rainfall. Thus, the
humidity is very low. So, the
buildings in this climatic zone
should be orientated based on solar
point of view so that the building
receives maximum solar radiation
during winter season and minimum
radiation during summer season.

HOT AND DRY

CLIMATIC ZONES
IN INDIA THIS TYPE OF
CLIMATE CAN BE
EXPERIANCED IN
RAJASTHAN, GUJARAT ,
MAHARASHTRA AND SOME
PARTS OF MADHYA PRADESH
AND KARNATAKA ALSO .
 TEMPERATURE

Characteristics Of • IN THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE TEMPERATURE IS USUALLY VERY

HOT.
• IT CAN VERY EASILY GO UPTO 50* AND EVEN MORE IN

Hot and Dry SUMMERS.

• THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT TEMPERATURE
IS VERY HIGH (15 TO 20 DEGREE CELCIOUS).

Climate HUMIDITY

• DUE TO VERY HOT AND HARSH SUN RAYS.

HUMIDITY IS VERY LOW.
• IT GENERALLY VARIES BETWEEN 10 TO 50 PERCENTAGE.

PRECIPITATION

• AS THE AIR IS TOTALLY HOT & DRY IN THIS TYPE OF

CLIMATE.
PRECIPITATION IS VERY LOW.
• IT MAY VARY BETWEEN 50 TO 150 mm PER YEAR.
 SKY CONDITIONS

• SKY IS NORMALLY CLEAR AND BLUE IN THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE.

• SOME TIMES DUST STORMS FILL COMPLETE SKY.

Characteristics Of • AND THESE DUSTY SKIES CREATE UNBERABLE GLARE.

SOLAR RADIATIONS

Hot and Dry • SOLAR RADIATIONS ARE DIRECT AND STRONG DURING DAY
TIMES.
• AND THESE OFTEN ESCAPES INTO OPEN CLEAR SKIES DURING

Climate NIGHTS.

WIND

• HIGH SPEED DUSTY WINDS ARE VERY COMMON FOR THIS TYPE
OF CLIMATE.
• WIND SPEED MAY VARY BETWEEN 20 TO 30 KILOMETER PER
HOUR.
• WIND OFTEN CHANGE DIRECTIONS LOCALLY.

SOIL AND VEGITATION

• SOIL IS VERY LOOSE AND SANDY

• LOW HUMIDITY AND LESS RAIN FALL RESULTS IN POOR
VEGETATION.
• ONLY THICK LEAVES AND THORNY PLANTS CAN EASILY
SURVIVE HERE.
 Some of the design features for buildings in this
climate are:

 Appropriate orientation and shape of building.

 Insulation of building envelope.
 Massive structure.
 Air locks, lobbies, balconies, and verandas.
 Weather stripping and scheduling air changes.

Hot and Dry

 External surfaces protected by overhangs, fins,and
trees.
 Pale colours and glazed china mosaic tiles.
 Windows and exhausts.

Climate
 Courtyards, wind towers, and arrangement
of openings.
 Trees, ponds, and evaporative cooling.
 Sustainable Site Planning
•Utilizing existing infrastructure, laying outbuilding blocks to
benefit from existing landform, sun path and wind while
minimizing damage to prevalent soil , flora, water and air
STAGES quality.

OF Appropriate Landscaping
•Planting the right way to conserve water and improve micro-
climate.

PLANNING Building Design Details

•Detailing building fenestration design and
AND construction details to promote shading, insulation
and heat loss.

DESIGN Materials
•Choosing materials which are local, durable, utilize waste,
have low embodied energy content, use less
water for processing and help insulate the building.
 ORIENTATION

1. North –south orientation best suits for this type

of climate as it protects from morning and
Evening solar radiations.
2. Apart from this local site condetions and its
surroundings also plays major role in deciding
Orientation .
3. Bedrooms should be oriented to receive cool
night air.

HOUSE PLANS
CONCEPT
1. Compact plans are preffred as these will expose
minimum surface to harsh solar radiations.
2. Deeper rooms are better against hot outside solar
DESIGN

radiations.
3. Inward looking plans best suits for this type of
climate as these straight away protect us from
external solar heat and radiations.
4. Courtyard planning along with some trees and small
water body creates very good cool microclimate as
evaporative cooling effects occurs in this type of
courtyard.
5. Thicker external walls with minimum windows should
be used to avoid heat and solar radiations.
6. Heat producing areas should be separated from
other areas of house.
BUILDING
ORIENTATION
BEST POSSIBLE ORIENTATION OF TYPICAL EXISTING
PLANFORMS

N N N N N N

ORIENT BUILDING LONG FACES ALONG N-S

N-S orientation can be also be used in case of

unfavourable orientation of land
 Roofs

1. Roof shouls be insulated from hot solar radiations.

2. Thicker insulating materials should be used for this.
3. The flat roof is a good reflector and re-radiates heat
efficiently, especially if it consists of a solid, white
painted material.
4. High solid parapet walls along the edge of the roof
can on the one hand provide daytime shade
CONCEPT
and privacy.

Walls
DESIGN

1. The walls of day time living areas should be made of

heat storing materials so that these can store heat
in day time and keep the inside cool and radiate hot
solar radiation back in to atmosphere during night.
2. Eastern and western walls should be shaded with
trees or some other screens.
3. Double wall construction with proper ventilation
may also be constructed on western side.
 Openings
1. External openings should be small.
2. Eastern and western side windows should be protected
by trees.
3. Large glass areas should be avoided.
4. Deep sun shades are required to shade windows
effictevely.
5. It would be more effective,if we some how ,separate our
sun shades from main structure .
6. Window sill should be higher to provide dust protection.
CONCEPT
Interiors
1. Light cool colours should be used for interiors .
2. Surfaces that may reflect radiations should be
DESIGN

painted dark to reduce glaring effect.

Exteriors
1. Dark surfaces should be avoided as these would
absorb heat.
2. Light coloured /shiney reflective surfaces should be
used to reflect solar heat.
3. Provide as much green surface as possible as this
will cool the surroundings.
4. Avoid hard paved surfaces as these may create glare
and radiate heat inside the building.
OUTDOOR  As most day to day activities take place outside, it is
important to treat the external spaces just as carefully
as the indoors.

PLANNING  Adjacent buildings, pavement, roads, heat up quickly

and cause a glare onto the building during the day and
night, they radiate the heat stored during the day.
 One way to avoid this is to place walls protecting
external spaces, to keep out dust and winds.
 Also, landscaping like trees, plants and water in
enclosed spaces will cool the air by evaporation.
 The best solution is courtyards , in these a pool of night
air is retained , as this is heavier than surrounding
warm air.
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSIDERATIONS

 The courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling

source.
 Internal courtyards provides cross ventilation & natural cooling.
 Most openings are to the internal courtyard rather than exterior
surface.
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSIDERATIONS

 More sill height should be provided for windows.

 The windows should be small so that the circulation of air is proper.
 The door height should be less.
 The size of the windows on the west and east sides should be
minimized in order to reduce heat gains into the house in the early
morning and late afternoon.
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSIDERATIONS

 In desert areas circular walls should be made so that the solar radiation
would not come directly on the inside walls & hence reflect back.
 Light coloured or shiny external surfaces should be provided because
it will reflect a large part of incident solar radiation.
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSIDERATIONS

 Direction of breeze, which is from west at most of the places, enters from opening
on west side.
 Suitable radiation barriers in the form of canopies, Chhajjas, long verandahs etc.
should be provided on the West side of the building.
 Sufficient number of ventilators close to the bottom of slab should be provided for
hot air to escape the room.
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSIDERATIONS

 Thicker outer walls are preferred as it behaves as an insulating barrier

 The surface of walls should be smooth and non-dust catching type.
 Walls constructed with hollow blocks / bricks and Cavity Walls can also be
provided as they provide very good thermal insulation.
   Roofs should be built up with good insulating material having
slope in windward direction and which reflects the radiation
and does not absorb heat.
ARCHITECTURAL  Terracing should be provided on the flat roof with mud

CONSIDERATIONS phuska, lime concrete, foamed concrete or burnt clay.

 False ceiling can be used to improve thermal performance of

building.
 Natural Ventilation
•The principle involved is to catch an unobstructed breeze at a high
level and channel it to areas in the bottom parts of the building.

ARCHITECTURAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Passive cooling
•Cooling can be achieved by the evaporation of water.
 Night ventilation works well in this climatic zone as
diurnal variations are high. In this process, buildings are
ventilated at night when ambient temperatures are lower
to resist heat build-up.

NIGHT
VENTILATION
Day-time building heat gain Night-time ventilation removes
the heat gained during the day.
THANK YOU