RELATED EVENTS

BEFORE AND
AFTER THE
DEATH OF RIZAL
Mac-Mac Gatan
Marvin Pame
Phillip Pineda
 Table of Content
●Rizal and the Propagandist Movement
●Creation of Katipunan
●Factors that Led to Rizal’s Execution
●Evidences
●Two Kinds of Evidence Endorsed by Colonel Olive to
Governor
●Teodora Alonso’s pleading to the Governor
●Search for Rizal’s Body
●Filipino Rebellion after Rizal’s Execution
Rizal and the Propagandist
Movement
● Rizal was a leader in the Propagandist Movement.
While in Hong Kong, Rizal planned the founding
of the La Liga Filipina, a civil organization and the
establishment of a Filipino colony in Borneo.

● The Progpaganda Movement languished after

Rizal’s arrest in 1892 and the collapse of the La
Liga Filipina. La Solidaridad went out of business
in November 1895.
Creation of Katipunan
● After Rizal’s exile, Andres Bonifacio founded an
aggressive secret society, the Katipunan (KKK) in
Manila.

● On June 21, 1896. Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Bonifacio’s

emissary, visited Rizal in Dapitan and informed
him of the plan of the Katipunan to launch a
revolution. Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s bold
project stating that such would be a veritable
suicide.
● Rizal instructed Valenzuela that it would be for
the best interests of the Katipunan to get first
the support of the rich and influential people of
Manila to strengthen their cause. He further
suggested that Antonio Luna with his
knowledge of military science and tactics, be
made to direct the military operations of the
Revolution
Factors that Led to Rizal’s
Execution
●  In November 1886, Rizal was arrested for his alleged
involvement in 1896 Uprising. After the uprising Rizal’s
enemies lost no time in pressing him down. Witnesses
that linked him with the revolt were rounded up but
these witnessed were not cross examined nor did they
face Rizal directly. Rizal was imprisoned in Fort Santiago.
In his prison cell, he wrote an untitled poem, now known
as "Ultimo Adios" which is considered a masterpiece and
a living document expressing not only the hero’s great
love of country but also that of all Filipinos.
 The Spanish colonial government accused Rizal
for three (3) crimes.
● Illegal association – for founding La Liga Filipina
● Rebellion – for publication of Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.
● Sedition – for criticizing the Catholic religion aiming for
exclusion from the Filipino culture and dedicating El
Filibusterismo to the three “traitors” (Gomburza) and for
emphasizing on the novel’s title “the only salvation for

the Philippines was the separation from the mother

colony (referring to Spain)
● The penalty for those accusations is life imprisonment
to death and correctional imprisonment and a charge
of 325 to 3,250 Pesetas.
Evidences
The prosecution drew information from the dossier
on Rizal which detailed his “subversive activities”
some of which are the following:
● Writing and publication of “Noli Me Tangere”
● Annotations to Morga’s History of the Philippines
● El Filibusterismo
● Various articles that criticized the friars
● Establishment of masonic lodges
 Colonel Francisco Olive
● After finishing as much evidence as possible on
November 20, 1896, the preliminary on Rizal began.
During the five-day investigation, Rizal was
informed of the charges against him before judge
advocate Colonel Francisco Olive.
Two Kinds of Evidence Endorsed by
Colonel Olive to Governor Ramon Blanco:
1. Documentary
● Fifteen exhibits

2. Testimonial
● Provided by Martin Constantino, Aguedo Del Rosario,
Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo
Franco, Deosdato Arellano, Pio Valenzuela, Antonio
Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez.
● The Judge Rafael Domingues advocate assigned with the
task of deciding what corresponding action should be done.
● Review transmitted the record to Don Nicolas de la
Pena.Pena’s recommendation as follows:
📌 Rizal must immediately sent to trial
📌 He must be held in prison under necessary security
📌 His properties must be issued with order of attachment

and as indemnity; Rizal had to pay one million pesos.

📌 Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is
allowed to defend Rizal.
 Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade
● The lawyer of Rizal is Lt. Luis Taviel de
Andrade Brother of Lt. Jose Traviel de
Andrade who worked as Rizal’s personal
body guard in Calamba in 1887. In the
presence of his Spanish Counsel in
December 11, 1896, charges against Rizal
were read in the presence of his Spanish
counsel.
When they asked regarding his sentiments or
reaction on the charges, Rizal replied that in
his defense.
● He does not question the jurisdiction of the court
● He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in
Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in any political matters.
● He has nothing to admit on the charges against him.
● He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the
witnesses; he had not met nor knew, against them.
Teodora Alonso’s pleading to
the Governor
● Meanwhile at the house of Governor General
Polavieja, Dona Teodora Alonso pleads for his son but
no help was given.
● December 28, 1896 – she went to Malacanang to
plead with Governor General Camilio de Polavieja. She
was refused admission.
● Dona Teodora sought from one official to another
permission to take care of her son’s body after the
execution. All refused except the mayor of Manila,
Manuel Luengco.
Search for Rizal’s Body
● They discovered that the body had been taken away
from Luneta shortly after the execution, with no one
willing or able to say where it had been taken.

● Narcisa came to the Paco Cemetery where she saw

Mayor Luengco and several army officials inspecting a
grave. When the authorities left, she approached and
found the freshly dug grave. It was unmarked.
● After two years, Spain lost in the mock battle with the
Americans, Narcisa had the grave in Paco cemetery dug.
She found out that her brother had been buried
uncoffined, his clothes still recognizable. But his shoes had
already disintegrated and whatever letter he said was
inside was lost forever.
● Cleaned and placed on an ivory urn, Rizal’s remains stayed
with the family in Narcisa’s house in Binondo. Only 14
years later, in 1912 were they interred in the base of the
“Motto Stella.” By then, the parents of Rizal were dead.
Filipino Rebellion after Rizal’s
Execution
● The Philippine independence struggle turned more
violent after Rizal's death. It was led first by Andres
Bonifacio and later by Emilio Aguinaldo. 
● Rizal's death filled the rebels with new determination,
but the Katipunan was becoming divided between
supporters of Bonifacio, who revealed him to be an
increasingly ineffective leader, and its rising star,
Aguinaldo.
● At a convention held at Tejeros, the Katipunan's headquarters in March
1897, delegate’s elected Aguinaldo president and demoted Bonifacio to
the post of director of the interior. Bonifacio withdrew with his supporters
and formed his own government. After fighting broke out between
Bonifacio's and Aguinaldo's troops, Bonifacio was arrested, tried, and on
May 10, 1897, executed by order of Aguinaldo.
● Aguinaldo extracted some concessions from the
Spaniards in 1897 and declared Philippines
independence on June, 12, 1898 from the balcony of
his home in Cavite and established himself as president
of an ill-fated provisional Philippine Republic after
Filipinos drove the Spanish from most of the
archipelago. Through their revolutionary proclamation,
Filipinos claim that the Philippines were the first
democratic republic in Asia.
● In one battle unarmed rebels on the island of Negros tricked
the Spanish into retreating by launching an attack with
“cannons” made rolled-up palm-leaf mats painted black and
“bayonet rifles” constructed from bamboo.
● As 1897 wore on, Aguinaldo himself suffered reverses
at the hands of Spanish troops, being forced from
Cavite in June and retreating to Biak-na-Bato in
Bulacan Province. The futility of the struggle was
becoming apparent on both sides. Although Spanish
troops were able to defeat insurgents on the
battlefield, they could not suppress guerrilla activity.
In August armistice negotiations were opened
between Aguinaldo and a new Spanish governor.
● After three years of bloodshed, most of it Filipino, a
Spanish-Filipino peace pact was signed in Hong
Kong in December, 1897. According to the
agreement the Spanish governor of the Philippines
would pay Aguinaldo the equivalent of US$800,000,
and the rebel leader and his government would go
into exile. Aguinaldo established himself in Hong
Kong.
● The Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, by the
United States and Spain, ceded the Philippines, Guam, and
Puerto Rico to the United States, recognized Cuban
independence, and gave US$20 million to Spain.
● A revolutionary congress convened at Malolos, north
of Manila, promulgated a constitution on January
21, 1899, and inaugurated Aguinaldo as president
of the new republic two days later. Hostilities broke
out in February 1899, and by March 1901 Aguinaldo
had been captured and his forces defeated. Despite
Aguinaldo’s call to his compatriots to lay down their
arms, insurgent resistance continued until 1903. 
Thank
you!