MA5355

TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES
AND
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

UNIT- 2 FOURIER SERIES

[3]

1
Overview
 Parseval’s Formula or Parseval’s Identity
 Harmonic Analysis
 Complex form of Fourier series

2
 Parseval’s identity
 
If Fourier series for converges uniformly in then
c 2
1 2  2 
 f ( x)  dx  c  a0   (an  bn ) 
2

c 2 n 1 

Corollary

 
1) If in, then,

2c 2
1 2  
 f ( x )  dx  c  a0   ( a n 2  bn 2 ) 
0 2 n 1 
3
  
2) If the half-range cosine series for in is
 , then,

c 2
c 1 
2
 f ( x) dx  a0   an 
2

2 2
0 n 1 

 
3) If the half-range sine series for in is
 , then,

c 2
c  


0
f (x) dx 
2 

n 1
bn2 


4
Root Mean Square (rms) value
 
The root mean square value of the function over an interval
is defined as
b 
  [ f ( x )] dx 
2

a 
 f ( x )  rms   
 b  a 

 


 The RMS value is also known as the effective value of

the function and it is usually applied to periodic
functions.
 The use of root mean square value of a periodic
function is frequently made in the theory of mechanical
vibrations and in electric circuit theory.
5
Problems
 
1.Obtain the Fourier Series for in and show that
1 1 4
4
 4
 ... 
1 2 90

Solution

The given function is an even function in the given

interval.
 
With , ,

 2
 cos x cos 2 x cos3 x cos 4 x 
 f ( x)  x   4  2  2  2  2  ...
2

3  1 2 3 4 
6
 
The Fourier coefficients contain terms

 
But we require the sum of their squares

So we use Parseval’s theorem

 2
1 1 2  2 
  f ( x) dx   a0   (an  bn )     (1)
2

  2 n 1 
     

Now substituting the values in (1) we get,

7
  5 4 ∞
1 2𝜋 1 4𝜋 16
= +∑ 4
𝜋 5 2 9 𝑛=1 𝑛 [ ]
  4 4 ∞
2𝜋 2𝜋 16
⟹
5
= + [ ]∑
9 𝑛=1 𝑛4

  4 4 ∞
⟹
1 2𝜋
16 5
− [ [ ]] ∑
2𝜋
9
=
𝑛=1
1
𝑛
4

  4 ∞
𝜋 1
⟹ [ ]∑
=
90 𝑛 =1 𝑛 4

8
 
2.Prove that in ,

and deduce that

Solution
a0  n x
f ( x)    an cos
2 n 1 l
l l
2
l
2 2 x 
2
2 l 2 
 l 0
a0  f ( x ) dx  x dx       0  l
l l  2 0 l 2 
0

l l
2 n x 2 n x
an 
l 
0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx   x cos
l 0 l
dx

9
 l
  n x   n x 
  sin    cos 
2 l   (1) l 
 ( x )
l   n   n 2 2 
    
 l   l 2
 0

2  (1) n l 2   l 2  2l
 0  2 2   0  2 2   
2 2 
( 1) n
 1
l  n    n   n 
 4 l
 2 2, when n is odd
an   n 

 0 , when n is even

 
The half-range cosine series is

a0 
n x l 4l n x
f ( x)    a n cos    2 2 cos
2 n 1 l 2 n  odd n  l
10
 
The Fourier coefficient contains
But we want the sum of the squares .
So we use Parseval’s theorem
l 2 
2 a0
l 0

2
[ f ( x )] 2
dx   a n
2 n 1

l
2 l 2
 16l 2

 ( x) dx     4 4 
2

l 0 2 n  odd  n  

l
2 x  3
l 2 16l 2 1 1 1 
    4 14  34  54  ...
l  3 0 2 

2l 2 l 2 16l 2 1 1 1 
  4  
14 34 54  ...
3 2 
11
 l 2 16 l 2 1 1 1 
 4  
14 34 54  ...
6 

4 1 1 1
 4  4  4  ...
96 1 3 5
 
3.Find the RMS value of in
Solution
 
The root mean square value =  

  3 1  
0−1  
1
¿
√[ (1− 𝑥)
−3 ] 0
❑
¿
−3√ ¿
3 √
12
Practical Harmonic Analysis

The process of finding Fourier series for a function given by

numerical values (i.e., by a graph or by table of
corresponding values) of the function and independent
variable is called Harmonic Analysis.
a0 
f ( x)     an cos nx  bn sin nx 
2 n 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
a0 
 
0
f ( x)dx; an 
 
0
f ( x) cos nxdx; bn 
 
0
f ( x ) sin nxdx

 
In harmonic analysis the Fourier coefficients of the
function are given by

13
  1 2 
a0  2  
 2 0
f ( x ) dx 

 2  mean of f ( x)  in  0, 2 
 1 2 
an  2  
 2 0
f ( x ) cos nxdx 

 2  mean of f ( x) cos nx  in  0, 2 
 1 2 
bn  2  
 2 0
f ( x) sin nxdx 

 2  mean of f ( x) sin nx  in  0, 2 

 
Similarly, we can obtain the harmonics for Fourier series
in ,Half-range sine and cosine series.

14
 
NOTE:
 The term in Fourier series is called the fundamental or
first harmonic.
 The term in Fourier series is called the second
harmonic and so on.
 is called the amplitude of the first harmonic.
 is called the amplitude of the second harmonic and so
on.

15
Problems
1. Find the Fourier series expansion up to second
harmonic from the following data:
 2 4 5
x: 0  2
3 3 3 3
f ( x) : 10 12 15 20 17 11 10

Solution
Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only
the first six values will be used.
a0 
Fourier series is f (x)   (an cos n x  bn sin n x)
2 n 1
a0
f ( x)   a1 cos x  a2 cos 2 x  b1 sin x  b2 sin 2 x
2 16
 x y y cos x y cos 2x y sin x y sin 2x
0 10
π/3 12
2π/3 15
π 20
4π/3 17
5π/3 11
Total 85

17
 x y y cos x y cos 2x y sin x y sin 2x
0 10 10 10 0 0
π/3 12 6 –6 10.392 10.392
2π/3 15 –7.5 –7.5 12.99 –12.99
π 20 –20 20 0 0
4π/3 17 –8.5 –8.5 –14.722 14.722
5π/3 11 5.5 –5.5 –9.526 –9.526
Total 85 –14.5 2.5 –0.866 2.598

18
Here n = 6

 y   85 
a 0  2 [mean value of y ]  2  2  6   28.333
 n 

  y cos x    14.5 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos x]  2    2     4.833
 n   6 

  y cos 2 x   2.5 
a 2  2 [mean value of y cos 2 x]  2  2  6   0.833
 n   

19
   y sin x    0.866 
b1  2 [mean value of y sin x]  2  2  6    0.289
 n   

  y sin 2 x   2.598 
b2  2 [mean value of y sin 2 x]  2  2  6   0.866
 n 

28.333
 f ( x)   4.833 cos x  0.833 cos 2 x  0.289 sin x  0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x)  14.1665  4.833 cos x  0.833 cos 2 x  0.289 sin x  0.866 sin 2 x

20
2.Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic
from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) : 9 18 24 28 26 20

Solution
Here the length of the interval is 6  
=3
(i.e.) 2c = 6
a0 
 n x n x 
Fourier series is f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  3 3 

a0 x 2 x 3 x x 2 x 3 x
f ( x)   a1 cos  a2 cos  a3 cos  b1 sin  b2 sin  b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a
(i.e.) f ( x)  0  a1 cos   a2 cos 2  a3 cos 3  b1 sin   b2 sin 2  b3 sin 3
2
x
where  
3 21
 x y θ=πx/3 y cos θ y cos 2θ y cos 3θ y sin θ y sin 2θ y sin 3θ

0 9 0

1 18 π/3

2 24 2π/3

3 28 π

4 26 4π/3

5 20 5π/3

Total 125

22
 x y θ=πx/3 y cos θ y cos 2θ y cos 3θ y sin θ y sin 2θ y sin 3θ

0 9 0 9 9 9 0 0 0

1 18 π/3 9 –9 –18 15.588 15.588 0

2 24 2π/3 –12 –12 24 20.784 –20.784 0

3 28 π –28 28 –28 0 0 0

4 26 4π/3 –13 –13 26 –22.516 22.516 0

5 20 5π/3 10 –10 –20 –17.32 –17.32 0

Total 125 –25 –7 –7 –3.464 0 0

23
Here n = 6
 y  125 
a 0  2 [mean value of y ]  2  2  6   41.667
 n 

  y cos     25 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos  ]  2    2     8.333
 n   6 

  y cos 2   7
a 2  2 [mean value of y cos 2 ]  2    2     2.333
 n   6 

  y cos 3   7
a3  2 [mean value of y cos 3 ]  2    2     2.333
 n   6 

24
   y sin     3.464 
b1  2 [mean value of y sin  ]  2  2  6    1.155
 n   

  y sin 2  0
b2  2 [mean value of y sin 2 ]  2    2   0
 n  6

  y sin 3  0
b3  2 [mean value of y sin 3 ]  2  2  0
 n  6

41.667
 f ( x)   8.333cos   2.333cos 2  2.333cos 3  1.155sin   0sin 2  0sin 3
2
(i.e.) f ( x)  20.833  8.333cos   2.333cos 2  2.333cos 3  1.155sin 
x
where  
3
25
 3. The following table gives the variation of periodic
current over a period T
t sec

A amp 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98

A amp 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98

Show that there is a direct current part 0.75 amp in the

variable current and amplitudes of the first two harmonics.
Solution
 
Here the length of the interval is T
(i.e.) 2c = T
 

26
  𝑎0 2𝜋 𝑡 4 𝜋𝑡 2𝜋 𝑡 4𝜋𝑡
𝐴= +𝑎1 cos +𝑎2 cos + 𝑏1 sin +𝑏 2 sin
2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇

 
Put

  𝑎0
∴ 𝐴= +𝑎 1 cos 𝜃 +𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃 +𝑏1 sin 𝜃 +𝑏2 sin 2 𝜃
2

 
and values of are

27
 t y=A y cos θ y cos 2θ y sin θ y sin 2θ
t y=A y cos θ y cos 2θ y sin θ y sin 2θ

0 1.98 0
0 1.98 0

1.30 π/3
1.30 π/3

1.05 2π/3
1.05 2π/3

1.30 π
1.30 π

-0.88 4π/3
-0.88 4π/3

-0.25 5π/3
-0.25 5π/3

Total
Total
28
 t y=A y cos θ y cos 2θ y sin θ y sin 2θ

0 1.98 0 1.98 1.98 0 0

1.30 π/3 0.65 -0.65 1.126 1.126

1.05 2π/3 -0.525 -0.525 0.909 -0.909

1.30 π -1.30 1.30 0 0

-0.88 4π/3 0.44 0.44 0.762 -0.762

-0.25 5π/3 -0.125 0.125 0.217 0.217

Total 4.5 1.12 2.67 3.014 -0.328

29
Here n = 6

 y   4.5 
a0  2 [mean value of y ]  2    2    1.5
 n   6 

  y cos   1.12 
a1  2 [ mean value of y cos  ]  2    2    0.373
 n   6 

  y cos 2   2.67 
a2  2 [ mean value of y cos 2 ]  2  2  6   0.89
 n 

30
   y sin    3.014 
b1  2 [ mean value of y sin  ]  2    2    1.005
 n   6 

  y sin 2   0.328 
b2  2 [mean value of y sin 2 ]  2    2     0.109
 n   6 

 
Direct current part =

31
 
Amplitude of the first harmonic

2 2
¿ √ (0.373) +(1.005) =1.072
 

 
Amplitude of the second harmonic

2 2
¿ √ (0.89) +(−0.109) =0.897
 

32
Complex form of Fourier Series

The Fourier series of a periodic function of period 2c is

a0 
 n x n x 
f ( x)     an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  c c 

ei  e  i ei  e  i
But since cos   sin  
2 2i

 f ( x ) can be expressed as
n x n x n x n x
 i i i i 
a0 
 e c e c e c e c 
f ( x)    an  bn

2 n 1  2 2i 

 

33
 
 i nc x i
n x

 f ( x)  c0    cn e  c n e c
    (2)
n 1  

1 1 1
where c0  a0 , cn   an  ibn  , c n   an  ibn 
2 2 2
c  in x in xc
1 1
and cn   f ( x)e c dx ; c n   f ( x)e c dx for n  0, 1, 2,....
2l  c 2l  c

Then the series (2) can be compactly written as

 in x
f ( x)  ce
n 
n
c

which is the complex form of Fourier series.

34
Problems
1.Find the complex form of the Fourier series of the
periodic function f ( x)  0 when 0  x  l

 when l  x  2l
Solution

in x
f ( x)  
n 
cn e
l
2l in x
1 
cn 
2l 
0
f ( x )e l
dx

1  l   inl x  2l

in x

cn   
0 e  dx    e l
dx 
2l 
0   l 

in x 2l
  l  
   e l

2l  in l
 2 in  ni
 
 e  e 

2n i 35
  
1   1 
n

2n i  
i 
1   1 
n

2n  

i in x
f ( x)   (1  ( 1) )e
n

n  2 n l

36