Internal organization Register:-

• 1. Register
• The 8085A has both 8-bit and 16-bit registers. It has 8-
bit registers: B, C, D, E, H, L, A (Accumulator) & F
(Flag) and 16-bit registers: PC (Program Counter), SP
(Stack Pointer) & IR (Instruction Register). The PC
and SP are addressable while IR is not. The registers of
8085A can be classified as:
 Registers:
• Microprocessors have temporary data holding
places called registers. The memory areas
maintain data such as computer instruction
,storage addresses, characters and other data.
Internal organization Register continue:-
– General Purpose Registers:-
– Special Purpose Register:-
– Temporary Register:-
– Sixteen bit register:-
• 1.General purpose register:-
• B, C, D, E, H and L are 8-bit general purpose registers and can be used either single
or as 16-bit register pairs BC, DE and HL. When used in the register pair mode, the
high order byte resides the first register and the low order byte in the second.
•
• Whereas register pair HL can be used as two independent 8-bit registers, functions
as a data pointer. It can hold memory addresses that are referred to a number of
instructions, which use ‘Register Indirect Addressing’. Hence, general purpose
registers are used to temporarily store operands or intermediate data in calculations.
•

•
 Internal organization Register
• SPECIAL PURPOSE REGISTERS:-
• ACCUMULATOR:-
• The accumulator is an 8-bit register (can store 8-bit data) that is
the part of the arithmetic and logical unit (ALU). After
performing arithmetical or logical operations, the result is
stored in accumulator. Accumulator is also defined as register A.
• It is part of the arithmetic and logical unit because one of the
operand in the ALU operation is an accumulator. The result of
the operations is also stored in the accumulator.
 Flags:-
• Registers containing of five flip-flops which are set or reset
according to the arithmetic and logical operation and result in
accumulator is known as flag register and each flip-flops are
flags. These flags are Carry (CY), Zero (Z), Sign (S), Parity
(P) and Auxiliary carry (AC). The microprocessor uses these
flags to test data condition and for decision making processes.
These are described below.
• S Z × AC× P × CY
• D7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0
• The Carry Flag (CY): If an arithmetic operation results in a carry, the carry
flag is set otherwise it is reset. The carry flag also serves as a borrow flag for
subtraction.

• The Zero Flag (Z): The zero flag is set if the ALU operation results in zero
otherwise it is reset. This flag is modified by the results in the accumulator as
well as in other registers.

• The Auxiliary Carry (AC): In an arithmetic operation when a carry is

generated by digit D3 and passed onto the digit D4, the AC flag is set otherwise
it is reset. This flag is used in BCD arithmetic.

• The Parity Flag (P): Since 8085 operates in even parity, parity flag is set when
the result of arithmetic and logical operation has even number of 1’s.
Otherwise it is reset.
• The Sign Flag (S): If the bit D7 or MSB (most significant bit) of the result is 1,
the sign flag is set. This flag is used with signed number. If D7 is 1, the number
will be viewed as negative; if it is 0, then it will be viewed as positive.
 • Instruction Register & Instruction Decoder
• When an instruction is fetched from a memory it is loaded in
the memory register. The IR receives the operation codes of
instructions from the internal data bus and passes it to the
instruction decoder and machine cycle encoding circuit. The
instruction decoder decodes the instruction so that
microprocessor knows which type of operation is to be
performed before executing it. The output of the instruction
decoder is fed to the control and timing unit. Then control and
timing unit then generates the necessary control and timing
signals. This register is not accessible to the programmer.
• Temporary Register
• The temporary register is an 8-bit register which is
not accessible to the programmer. These registers
are internally used by the microprocessor to hold
8-bit data during the execution of some instruction
such as reading data from a given address of
memory or writing data to a given address of
memory.It is internally used for exection of most of
the arithmetic and logical instruction.
• Sixteen bit Registers:-
• There are two 16-bit registers used to hold
memory addresses. The size of these registers
is 16 bits because the memory addresses are
16 bits. They are :-
• Program Counter: This register is used to sequence the
execution of the instructions. The function of the
program counter is to point to the memory address from
which the next byte is to be fetched. When a byte
(machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is
incremented by one to point to the next memory location.
• Stack Pointer: It is used as a memory pointer. It points to
a memory location in read/write memory, called the
stack. It is always incremented/decremented by 2 during
push and pop operation.