MOLE CONCEPT

VD is the vapour density which is the ratio

between the mass of a certain volume of the
gas to the mass of the same volume of
hydrogen gas under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure.
Molecular mass = 2 x V D

VD of a gas = Mass of certain volume of gas

Mass of same volume of hydrogen
 MOLE
A mole is defined as the amount of a substance
that contains exactly 6.02214076 x
1023 ‘elementary entities’ of the given
substance.

one mole of a pure carbon-12 (12C) sample will

have a mass of exactly 12 grams and will
contain 6.022 x 1023 (NA) number of 12C
atoms
 MOLE

One mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms =

Gram atomic mass of the element

One mole of molecules = 6.022 x 1023

molecules = Gram molecular mass
 MOLE
One mole of NaCl weighs 58.5 g and contains
6.022 x 1023 formula units of NaCl or 6.022 x
1023 Sodium ions and 6.022 x 1023 Chloride
ions.

One mole of NaCl weighs 58.5 g and contains

6.022 x 1023 formula units of NaCl or 6.022 x
1023 Sodium ions and 6.022 x 1023 Chloride
ions.
 MOLE
Number of moles = mass of the substance
GAM/ GMM/ MOLAR MASS

One mole of all the gases at STP occupy 22.4

litres and has 6.022 x 1023 molecules in it.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
The percentage composition of a given
compound is defined as the ratio of the
amount of each element to the total amount
of individual elements present in the
compound multiplied by 100.

The quantity is measured in terms of grams of

the elements present.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

Mass percentage of an element = Mass of that element in one mole compound X 100
Molar mass of compound

Total molar mass of Methane = 1 x 12 + 4 x 1 = 16 grams

Mass % of C = 12 x 100 = 75% 16
Mass % of H = 4 x 100 = 25% 16
 EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR
FORMULA
 The formula which gives the simplest whole
number ratio of the atoms of various
elements present in one molecule of the
compound is called empirical formula.

 The formula which gives the actual number of

atoms of various elements present in one
molecule of the compound is called molecular
formula.
 EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR
FORMULA

Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula

Where n = Molecular mass /Empirical formula

mass.
 CALCULATION OF EF
The molecular mass of an organic compound is
78 and its percentage composition is 92.4%C
and 7.6% H. Determine the empirical formula
of the compound.
 CALCULATION

Element Percentag Atomic Number of Mole ratio Simplest

e mass moles ration
compositi
on

C 92.4 12 7.7 7.7/7.6 1

H 7.6 1 7.6 7.6/7.6 1

MOLECULAR FORMULA

 Simplest whole number ratio is C:H = 1:1

 Empirical formula is CH
 Molecular mass = 78
 Empirical formula mass = 13
 N = 78/13
 N = 6
 Molecular formula = CH x 6

 C H
6 6
 STOICHIOMETRY

It actually means the quantitative relationships

among the reactant and the products in a
reaction

For solving numerical based on this, the

chemical equation should be balanced.
 CALCULATIONS
C + O2 → CO2

one mole of carbon combines with one mole of

oxygen to form one mole of carbon dioxide.

12 grams of carbon combines with 32 grams of

oxygen to form 44 grams of carbon di oxide

6.022 x 1023 atoms of carbon combines with

6.022 x 1023 molecules of oxygen to from
6.022 x 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide.
CALCULATION

C + O2 → CO2

At S.T.P 22.4 litres of oxygen gives 22.4 litres

of carbon di oxide.

Calculate the weight of iron which will be

converted into its oxide [Fe3O4] by the action
of 14.4 grams of steam on it.
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

 Solutions consist of two components solute

and solvent.

 The component present in small amount is

called solute and the one present in large
amount is the solvent.

 The amount of solute present in a given

quantity f solvent or solution is expressed in
terms of concentration.
 MASS PERCENTAGE
The mass percentage of a component in a
given solution is the mass of the component
per 100 g of the solution.

Mass Percentage = Mass of one component X 100

Total mass of the solution
 VOLUME PERCENTAGE
 It is defined as the volume of the component
per 100 parts by volume of the solution.

Volume Percentage = Volume of one component X 100

Total volume of the solution
MASS VOLUME PERCENTAGE

Mass Volume Percentage = Mass of one component X 100

Total volume of the solution
 PARTS PER MILLION
 It is the parts of a component per million
parts of the solution.

 ppm = Mass of one component X 106

Total mass of the solution
 MOLARITY
 It is defined as number of moles of the solute
dissolved per litre of the solution.
 Number of moles = Mass of the solute

Molar mass[ GAM/ GMM]

 M = Moles of the solute Volume of

the solution in litres
 MOLALITY
 It is defined as number of moles of the
solute dissolved per kg of the solvent.

 m = Moles of the solute ÷ Weight of the

solvent in kg
 Molality is preferred to molarity as it is

independent of temperature . [mass of the

components does not change with
temperature]
 MOLE FRACTION
 It is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the
total number of moles present in the solution. [x]

 Mole fraction of solute = number of moles of solute ÷ total

number of moles of the solution.

 The sum of mole fraction of all the components present in

the solution is one[ unity]

 χA + χB =1

 where χA is the mole fraction of component A say solvent and

χB is the mole fraction of component B say solute.