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Management, 8/E: Powerpoint Presentation To Accompany Chapter 8 of
Management, 8/E: Powerpoint Presentation To Accompany Chapter 8 of
to Accompany Chapter 8 of
Management, 8/e
John R. Schermerhorn, Jr.
.
Planning Ahead — Chapter 8 Study
Questions
How do managers plan?
What types of plans do managers use?
What are the useful planning tools and
techniques?
What is the control process?
What are the common organizational
controls?
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Study Question 1: How do managers plan?
Planning
– The process of setting objectives and determining how
to best accomplish them.
Objectives
– Identify the specific results or desired outcomes that
one intends to achieve.
Plan
– A statement of action steps to be taken in order to
accomplish the objectives.
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Study Question 1: How do managers plan?
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Figure 8.1 The roles of planning and
controlling in the management process.
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Study Question 1: How do managers plan?
Benefits of planning:
– Improves focus and flexibility.
– Improves action orientation.
– Improves coordination.
– Improves time management.
– Improves control.
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Figure 8.2 A sample means-ends chain for
total quality management.
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Study Question 2: What types of plans do
managers use?
Short-range and long-range plans
– Short-range plans = 1 year or less
– Intermediate-range plans = 1 to 2 years
– Long-range plans = 3 or more years
People vary in their capability to deal
effectively with different time horizons.
Higher management levels focus on longer
time horizons.
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Study Question 2: What types of plans do
managers use?
Strategic and operational plans
– Strategic plans — set broad, comprehensive, and
longer-term action directions for the entire
organization.
– Operational plans — define what needs to be done in
specific areas to implement strategic plans.
• Production plans
• Financial plans
• Facilities plans
• Marketing plans
• Human resource plans
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Study Question 2: What types of plans do
managers use?
Policies and procedures
– Standing plans
• Policies and procedures that are designed for
repeated use.
– Policy
• Broad guidelines for making decisions and taking
action in specific circumstances.
– Rules or procedures
• Plans that describe exactly what actions are to be
taken in specific situations.
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Study Question 2: What types of plans do
managers use?
Budgets and project schedules
– Single-use plans
• Only used once to meet the needs and objectives of a well-
defined situation in a timely manner.
– Budgets
• Single-use plans that commit resources to activities, projects, or
programs.
• Fixed, flexible, and zero-based budgets.
– Projects
• One-time activities that have clear beginning and end points.
• Project management and project schedules.
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Study Question 3: What are the useful
planning tools and techniques?
Forecasting
– Making assumptions about what will happen in the
future.
– Qualitative forecasting uses expert opinions.
– Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical and
statistical analysis.
– All forecasts rely on human judgment.
– Planning involves deciding on how to deal with the
implications of a forecast.
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Study Question 3: What are the useful
planning tools and techniques?
Contingency planning
– Identifying alternative courses of action that
can be implemented to meet the needs of
changing circumstances.
– Contingency plans anticipate changing
conditions.
– Contingency plans contain trigger points.
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Study Question 3: What are the useful
planning tools and techniques?
Scenario planning
– A long-term version of contingency planning.
– Identifying alternative future scenarios.
– Plans made for each future scenario.
– Increases organization’s flexibility and
preparation for future shocks.
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Study Question 3: What are the useful
planning tools and techniques?
Benchmarking
– Use of external comparisons to better evaluate
current performance and identify possible
actions for the future.
– Adopting best practices of other organizations
that achieve superior performance.
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Study Question 3: What are the useful
planning tools and techniques?
prince dudhatra-9724949948
Study Question 3: What are the useful
planning tools and techniques?
prince dudhatra-9724949948
Figure 8.3 How participation and
involvement help build commitments to
plans.
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Study Question 4: What is the
control process?
Controlling
– The process of measuring performance and taking
action to ensure desired results.
– Has a positive and necessary role in the management
process.
– Ensures that the right things happen, in the right way, at
the right time.
– Organizational learning and after-action review.
prince dudhatra-9724949948
Study Question 4: What is the
control process?
prince dudhatra-9724949948
Study Question 4: What is the
control process?
prince dudhatra-9724949948
Study Question 4: What is the
control process?
prince dudhatra-9724949948
Study Question 4: What is the
control process?
Feedforward controls …
– Employed before a work activity begins.
– Ensures that:
• Objectives are clear.
• Proper directions are established.
• Right resources are available.
– Focuses on quality of resources.
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Study Question 4: What is the
control process?
Concurrent controls …
– Focus on what happens during work process.
– Monitor ongoing operations to make sure they
are being done according to plan.
– Can reduce waste in unacceptable finished
products or services.
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Study Question 4: What is the
control process?
Feedback controls …
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Figure 8.5 The role of feedforward,
concurrent, and feedback controls in
organizations.
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Study Question 4: What is the
control process?
prince dudhatra-9724949948
Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
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Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
The MBO process:
– Supervisor and workers jointly set objectives,
establish standards, and choose actions.
– Workers act individually to perform tasks;
supervisors act individually to provide
necessary support.
– Supervisor and workers jointly review results,
discuss implications, and renew the MBO
cycle.
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Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
Types of MBO performance objectives
– Improvement
– Personal development
– Maintenance
Criteria for effective performance objectives
– Specific
– Time defined
– Challenging
– Measurable
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Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
prince dudhatra-9724949948
Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
Advantages of MBO
– Focuses workers on most important tasks and
objectives.
– Focuses supervisor’s efforts on important areas
of support.
– Contributes to relationship building.
– Gives workers a structured opportunity to
participate in decision making.
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Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
through reprimand.
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Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
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Figure 8.7 Graphical approach to break-
even analysis.
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Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
Purchasing control …
– A productivity tool
– Trends in purchasing control:
• Leveraging buying power
• Committing to a small number of suppliers
• Working together in supplier-purchaser partnerships
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Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?
Inventory control
– Goal is to ensure that inventory is just the right
size to meet performance needs, thus
minimizing the cost.
– Methods of inventory control:
• Economic order quantity
• Just-in-time scheduling
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Study Question 5: What are the common
organizational controls?