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Dietary Vitamins: Agussalim Bukhari Department of Nutrition Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University
Dietary Vitamins: Agussalim Bukhari Department of Nutrition Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University
Agussalim Bukhari
Department of Nutrition
Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University
Objectives
ns)
Many are enzyme cofactors
Vitamins
Frank deficiencies are rare in developed count
ries
Deficiencies-due to unvaried diets & malabso
rption
Most cooperate with other vitamins,minerals
vitamin imbalance
Vitamins
Water soluble (group B & C) Fat soluble (A,D,E,K)
Enter the body freely Required fat to be absorbed
Absorb directly into blood Absorbed into lymph then bloo
Not readily stored d
Excess is excreted in urine Readily stored
Unlikely to reach toxic level Excess not typically excreted
Most function as coenzymes A and D can be toxic
Interconnected functions Individual action
Easily destroyed or lost Relatively stable
Vitamin-vitamin interaction
Requirement for optimum a Vit B6/B12,folate/thiamine
bsorption
Interference with absorption Vit E/vit K, vit B6/Niacin, Th
or metabolism iamine/Riboflavin
Requirement for metabolism
Riboflavin/vit B6, Niacin/vit
B6
Protection against excess ca
tabolism or urinary loss
Vitamin C/vitamin B6
Protection against oxidative Vitamin E/vitamin A, vitami
destruction
n C/vitamin E
Obstruction of diagnosis of Folate/vitamin B12
deficiency
Relative stability in food during proce
ssing and storage
ein
Pathways intercept
B group vitamin and coenzymes
Vitamin Coenzyme form
Thiamin (B1) Thiamin pyrophosphate
Niacin (nicotinic acid)
NAD+, NADP+
FAD, FMN
Riboflavin (B2) Coenzyme A
Pantothenic acid Pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal, pyridoxine 5’deoxyadenosylcobalam
Cobalamine in, methylcobalamin
Biotin Biotin lysine complex
Folic acid Tetrahydrofolate
B Vitamin deficiencies
Any vitamin B deficiency will result in changes to a
number of pathways
Therefore there may be similar symptoms
Nausea, severe exhaustion, irritability, depression,
neurological disorders, loss of appetite and weigh
t, muscle pain, impairment of immune response,
anaemia, severe skin problems
Deficiencies may be due to genetic abnormalities,
diseases conditions, metabolic stress, alcoholism
Rarely see deficiency of a single B group vitamin
Beriberi and pellagra
4D : Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death
Occurs in population where corn is the staple food
B group sources
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
2 forms : L-ascorbic acid (major form)
L-dehydroascorbic acid
Source : fruits & vegetables. Very easily destroyed by
high temp.,air, alkali, prolonged storage, lost in water
Important in : collagen formation, as an antioxidant,
brain and nerve function, iron absorption, folic acid
metabolism
Deficiency : scurvy,
Toxicity due to megadose therapy: oxalate stone for
mation in kidneys, blood clotting, B12 deficiency, enh
ances absorption of toxic metals
Folate (Vit B-9)
Group of compounds. Active form is tetrahydrofolate
Source : intestine: small amount produced by
bacteria
Animal food: absorbed unaltered
Plant food: conjugated with glutamic acid
One of the most unstable vitamins
Functions:
Coenzymes in transport of carbon atoms in the synthesis of:
- purine nucleotide, thymine involved in DNA synth
esis
- convert B12 to coenzyme form
- other enzymatic reaction
Sources of folate
Folate : deficiency/toxicity
Deficiency : the most common vitamin deficiency in Au
stralia
Causes: low dietary intake
Destruction in food preparation
Poor intestinal absorption
Effects: shortage of nucleotide
Impairment of DNA replication
Immature RBC cannot divide and become megaloblasts
Symptoms: megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia
At risk: pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics,
(is linked with neural tube defect in foetus)
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Group of compounds that contain cobalt
Source : synthezised only by microorganisms-
Found in food of animal origin
Not in plants
Functions: coenzyme in only 2 reactions:
Isomerisation of methylmalonyl CoA --- succin
yl CoA
Methylation of homocysteine --- methionine
Converts folate to active form
Maintains sheath that surrounds nerve fibres
Vitamin B12-deficiency
rare in developed countries except among stri
ct vegetarians
Pernicious anemia: megaloblastic (macrocytic
ds)
b carotene is the most abundant in food
Carotenes are poorly absorbed
Activity is measured as retinol equivalents wh
Risk of infection
Keratinitation of epithelial
surface
Toxicity : rare, loss of appetite, blurred visio
Liver storage
tissues
Vitamin D
Several forms (can be shyntesized in the body)
Major sources : sunlight, fatty fish, fortified foods
Function:
Regulation of calcium level in the body
Overall: increase Calcium and phophorus in the bo
nes
Involves in the haematopoetic system
Effects cell differentiation and proliferation
Deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia
Toxicity : loss of appetite, high serum calcium & ph
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Vitamin E
Closely related group of compounds-Tocopherols
Alpha-tocopherol is the most abundant
FUNCTIONS
haemolytic anemia
Toxicity : no clear data
Vitamin K (K-1 & K-2)
Source: K-1 (green plant leaves)
K-1 (produced by bacteria in human intestine)
Function: clotting of blood, involved in formation of p
rothrombin & blood clotting factors (II,VII,IX,X)
Deficiency: haemorrage
May occur in new born (low at birth)
Can be secondary to disease or drug treatment
Warfarin: a synthetic analogue of vitamin K competitiv
e inhibitor of prothrombin formation (anticoagulant)
Toxicity: relatively non-toxic unless given large dose
over a prolonged period of time.
Antioxidants
Compounds that protect others from oxidatio
n by being oxidised themselves
Donate electrons to other substances which
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
May protect against : cancer, heart diseases
Actions of free radicals and antioxida
nts
Free radical formation: during normal energy metabolisms, hy
drogens and electrons are added to oxygen in a series of reac
tions called electron transport chain. This sequence eventuall
y produce water, but some intermediate compounds created
during process are free radicals