Standards and Vocabularies in

Link Data
1

PRESENTED TO: DR. NOSHEEN FATIMA

WARRIACH
PRESENTED BY: IQRA TARIQ
 Aim
2

To explore a few representative Vocabularies and

some standards that are increasingly used in Link
data projects.
 Standard and Vocabulary
3

A level of quality or attainment

• e.g Library offers a high standard of services

The body of words used in a particular

language
 Link Data
4

The term link data is used to describe a method of

exposing, sharing and connecting data via d URIs on
the web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_Data
 5

“I have a dream for the web in which computers

become a capable of analyzing all the data on the
web, the content, links and transactions between
people and computers.”

Tim Berners-Lee, 1999

 Major Standards of Link Data
6

Standards:
RDF
OWL
SKOS
BIBFRAME
Vocabularies:
Geonames
FOAF
SPARQAL
DBPedia
Standards and Vocabularies of Link Data
7

Linked data is structured data which is interlinked

with other data so it becomes more useful
through semantic queries. It builds upon standards
and Web technologies but rather than using them to
serve web pages only for human readers, it extends
them to share information in a way that can be read
automatically by computers. Part of the vision of
there is need of some standards and vocabularies in
linked data.
 RDF
8

The Resource Description Framework (RDF)

is a family of World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) specifications. Describe relationships based
on triples.

Subject Predicate Object

  “Mary has a pet that is a little lamb”

 RDF
9

Predicate
OBJECT
SUBJECT

Owns a
pet
Marry Lamb
 Cont…
10

The subject and predicate must be URIs.

The object can be URI or a value
RDF is not encoded in a web page directly
Web browsers can’t read RDF
Software is needed to translate markup into RDF
 11

To retrieve RDF data, there are several standards

and protocols available for use. The standard that is
used most commonly in retrieving RDF data is
Simple Protocol And RDF Query Language
(SPARQL)
 OWL (Web Ontology Language)
12

Another standard used in LOD is OWL (Web

Ontology Language). OWL is a language for use in
the Semantic Web to express knowledge of and
relationships between things through the use of
ontologies

(Hitzler, Krotzsch, Prsia, Patel-Schneider, & Rudolph,

2012)
 Relationships are Key
13

People can understand relationships between things

But machine should be able to understand theses

relationships too
14
 OWL
15
Creator http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/#owl 
Description
The W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a Semantic
Web language designed to represent rich and complex
knowledge about things, groups of things, and relations
between things. 

Year started 2004

Editors Mike Dean, Guus Schreiber

Base standards Resource Description Framework,  RDFS

Domain Semantic Web

Abbreviation OWL
 SKOS
(Simple Knowledge Organization System)
16

Knowledge Organization System (SKOS), a data

model that can be used to express different types of
controlled vocabularies (Isaac and Summers,2009).
The structure of SKOS is such that it can be used to
model existing controlled vocabularies and
ontologies for use in the Semantic Web. A real world
example of the use of SKOS in LAM is the linked data
services provided by the Library of Congress at
http://id.loc.gov.
 Cont…
17

These services provide LOD versions of the Library

of Congress name and subject authorities, along with
various MARC code sets. According to the Library of
Congress, using SKOS in lieu of creating a new XML
schema (using OWL) gave librarians access to tools
that allowed for translating existing data into LD
(Technical Center, n.d.).
 SKOS
18
Simple Knowledge Organization System
Status Published (W3C Recommendation)
Year started 1997; 24 years ago
Latest version
August 2009, 18; 11 years ago
Organization World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Committee Semantic Web Deployment Working
Group
Authors Alistair Miles, Sean Bechhofer
Base standards RDF
Related standards RDFa, OWL ,  Dublin Core
Domain Semantic Web
Abbreviation SKOS
Website www.w3.org/2009/08/skos-reference/sko
s.html
 BIBFRAME
19

Initiated by the Library of Congress, BIBFRAME

provides a foundation for the future of bibliographic
description, both on the web, and in the broader
networked world that is grounded in Linked Data
techniques.
 20

A major focus of the initiative is to determine a

transition path for the MARC 21 formats while
preserving a robust data exchange that has
supported resource sharing and cataloging cost
savings in recent decades.
BIBFRAME Model
21
 Geonames
22

GeoNames is a user editable geographical

database available and accessible through
various web services, under a Creative
Commons attribution license. The project was
founded in late 2005.
In the context of linkdata each GeoNames feature is
represented as a web resource identified by a
stable URI.
 Friend of a friend (FOAF)
23

FOAF is a descriptive vocabulary expressed using

the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and
the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Computers may
use these FOAF profiles to find,
e.g: people living in Europe, or to list all people both
you and a friend of yours know. This is accomplished
by defining relationships between people. Each
profile has a unique identifier (such as the
person's e-mail addresses, international telephone
number, Facebook account name).
 Cont…
24
Friend of a Friend

FOAF logo

Status Published

Year started 2000; 21 years ago

First published June 3, 2005; 15 years ago

Latest version
January 14, 2014; 7 years ago

Base standards RDF, OWL

Domain Semantic Web

Abbreviation FOAF

Website xmlns.com/foaf/spec/
 SPARQL
25

SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is

an RDF query language that is, a semantic query
language for databases able to retrieve and
manipulate data stored in Resource Description
Framework (RDF) format. It was made a standard by
the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of
the World Wide Web Consortium, and is recognized
as one of the key technologies of the semantic web.
On 15 January 2008, SPARQL 1.0 was acknowledged
by W3C as an official recommendation, and SPARQL
1.1 in March, 2013.
 Cont…
26

SPARQL

Paradigm Query language

Developer W3C

First appeared 2008; 13 years ago

Stable release 1.1 / 21 March 2013; 7 years ago

Website www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/
 DBpedia
27

DBpedia (from "DB" for "database") is a project

aiming to extract structured content from the
information created in the Wikipedia project. This
structured information is made available on
the World Wide Web. DBpedia allows users
to semantically query relationships and properties of
Wikipedia resources, including links to other
related datasets.
 Cont…
28

Developer(s) •Leipzig University

•University of Mannheim

Initial release 10 January 2007 (14 years ago)

Stable release DBpedia 2016-10 / 4 July 2017

Operating system Virtuoso Universal Server

Type •Semantic Web

•Linked Data

License GNU General Public License

Website dbpedia.org
 Conclusion
29

LOD standards and ontologies allow for the

structured metadata created and maintained by LAM
institutions to be shared in such a way that the
general community can interact and enrich the data.
Otherwise, it is very difficult to retrieve most of the
formats that LAM institutions use to store and access
metadata.