MOTION IN A PLANE

• Vectors:-Those physical quantities which require magnitude

as well as direction for their complete representation and
follows vector laws are called vectors.
• E.g. Displacement, velocity etc
• Scalars:-Those physical quantities which require only
magnitude but no direction for their complete
representation, are called scalars. Scalars can be added,
subtracted, multiplied or divided by simple algebraic laws.
• E.g. Distance, speed, work, mass, density, etc.
• Tensors:-Tensors are those physical quantities which have
different values in different directions at the same point.
• E.g. Moment of inertia, pressure, stress etc
Representation of vector
Different Types of Vectors
 Vector addition

• Addition of vectors.
• a) When the vectors are in the same direction.
• Here the magnitude of the resultant vector is equal to the
sum of the magnitudes of the two vectors and direction is
same as that of the two vectors.
• b) When the vectors are in opposite directions.
• Here the magnitude of the resultant is the difference in
magnitude of the two vectors and the direction is same as
that of the bigger vector.
• c) When the vectors are inclined at an angle.
• When the vectors are inclined at an angle, the sum of
vectors can be determined using two methods:
• (a) Triangle law of vectors (b) Parallelogram law of vectors.
• A vector AB simply means the displacement from a point
A to the point B. Now consider a situation that a girl
moves from A to B and then from B to C. The net
displacement made by the girl from point A to the point
C, is given by the vector AC and expressed as
• AC= AB + BC. This is known as the triangle law of vector
addition. Triangle law of vector addition states that when
two vectors are represented as two sides of the triangle
with the order of magnitude and direction, then the third
side of the triangle represents the magnitude and
direction of the resultant vector.
• If we have two vectors a and b represented by the
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram in magnitude
and direction, then their sum a + b is represented in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram through their common point. This is
known as the parallelogram law of vector addition.
• Two laws of vector additions are equivalent to each
other
Resolution of a vector
Multiplication of two vectors
Cross Product
 Projectile Motion
• When any object is thrown from horizontal at an angle θ
except 90°, then the path followed by it is
called trajectory, the object is called projectile and its
motion is called projectile motion. If any object is thrown
with velocity u, making an angle θ, from horizontal, then
• Horizontal component of initial velocity = u cos θ.
• Vertical component of initial velocity = u sin θ.
• Horizontal component of velocity (u cos θ) remains same
during the whole journey as no acceleration is acting
horizontally.
• Vertical component of velocity (u sin θ) decreases
gradually and becomes zero at highest point of the path.
• At highest point, the velocity of the body is u cos θ in
horizontal direction and the angle between the velocity
and acceleration is 90°.
• Maximum height reached (H)

• Time of flight ( T )
• To derive the expression for time of flight we must consider the vertical
motion of the projectile.
• Horizontal range (R)
 Where, y is the horizontal component,
x is the vertical component,
u= initial velocity,
θ = angle of inclination of the initial velocity from horizontal axis,
 Horizontal projectile.

• Consider a tower of height h. A

stone is thrown in the horizontal
direction from the top of the
tower. As soon as the stone is
released, it is under the action of
(1) uniform velocity u in the
horizontal direction, (2)
acceleration due to gravity g in
the vertical direction.
• Due to these, the stone will fall
at a point C at some distance
from the foot of the tower. Here
BC is the horizontal range. If t is
the time taken by the stone to
reach the ground,
 Circular Motion
• Circular motion is the movement of an
object in a circular path.
• 1. Uniform Circular Motion
• If the magnitude of the velocity of the
particle in circular motion remains
constant, then it is called uniform circular
motion.
• 2. Non-uniform Circular Motion
• If the magnitude of the velocity of the body
in circular motion is not constant, then it is
called non-uniform circular motion.
• Note A special kind of circular motion is
when an object rotates around itself. This
can be called spinning motion.
Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity.
 Centripetal Acceleration
• When a body moves in a
circular path, its velocity
changes continuously at
every point. Hence it
experiences acceleration.
The direction of acceleration
is towards the center of the
circle. So it is called
centripetal acceleration.
• The acceleration acting on
an object undergoing
uniform circular motion is
called centripetal
acceleration.
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• Find the magnitude of the resultant of two
vectors A and B in terms of their magnitudes
and angle θ between them.
• A boy throws a ball of mass 200 g with a
velocity 20 ms-1 at an angle of 40° with the
horizontal. What is the kinetic energy of the
ball at the highest point of the trajectory?
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• A projectile is anybody that is given an initial
velocity and then follows a path determined
entirely by the effects of gravitational acceleration
and air resistance.
• a) The path of a projectile is.........
• i) straight line
• ii) parabola
• iii) circle
• iv) semi circle
• b) Derive an expression for time to reach maximum
height and hence the time of flight of a projectile.
 5
• The parallelogram law is used to find the
resultant of two vectors. Find the magnitude
of the resultant of two vectors in terms of
their magnitudes and angle between them.
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• A particle is projected up into the air from the
point with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of
projection 30°. What is the maximum height
reached by it.
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• When a body is projected into air with certain initial velocity making an
angle with the horizontal, it will travel in a parabolic path.
• [a) What are the vertical and horizontal components of velocity?
• b) With a diagram, derive an expression for :
• i. Maximum height
• ii. Time of flight.
• c) A ball is dropped through the window of a train travelling with high
velocity, to a man standing near the track. The ball..........…
• i.Falls down vertically
• ii.Moves straight horizontally
• iii.Follows an elliptical path
• iv.Follows a parabolic path
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• If the magnitude of two vectors and their
resultant are the same, what is the angle
between the two vectors?