INDIRA GANDHI ENGINEERING

COLLEGE

MAJOR PROJECT ON:-

Study & Analysis Of Simulation Model Of Over
current relay using SR flip flop and relational operator
PRESENTATION BY:-

VIJAY NIGWAL 0601EE171060

VISHWAS MALVIYA 0601EE171061
YOGANSHU SONEKAR 0601EE171061
 FAULT AND ITS CLASSIFICATION
A short circuit fault occurs when the insulation of the system fails
resulting in low impedance path either between phases or phase(s) to
ground. This causes excessively high currents to flow in the circuit,
requiring the operation of protective equipment to prevent damage to
equipment. The short circuit faults can be classified as:

• Symmetrical faults

• Unsymmetrical faults
 Symmetrical Faults
In such types of faults, all the
phases are short-circuited to each
other and often to earth. Such fault
is balanced in the sense that the
systems remain symmetrical, or we
can say the lines displaced by an
equal angle (i.e. 120° in three phase
line).
 Unsymmetrical faults
Unsymmetrical faults involve
only one or two phases. In
unsymmetrical faults the three
phase lines become unbalanced.
• Single line-to-ground fault (LG).
• Line-to-line fault (LL).
• Double Line-to-ground fault (LLG).
• Three-phase short circuit fault
(LLL).
• Three-phase-to-ground fault
EFFECT OF FAULTS ON TRANSMISSION LINE

Faults can damage or disrupt power systems in several ways.

Faults increase the voltages and currents at certain points on
the system. A large voltage and current may damage the
insulation and reduces the life of the equipment. Faults can
cause the system to become unstable, and the three-phase
system equipment operates improperly.
STUDY OF RELAYS
Relays are switches that open and close circuits
electromechanically or electronically. Relays control one
electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another
circuit. Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a
control circuit and do not usually control power consuming
devices except for small motors and Solenoids that draw low
amps. Protective relays can prevent equipment damage by
detecting electrical abnormalities, including over-current,
undercurrent, overloads and reverse currents.
COMPONENTS OF RELAY
• FRAME- Heavy duty frame that contains and supports the parts of the
relay.

• COIL - Wire is wound around a metal core. The coil of wire causes an
electromagnetic field.

• ARMATURE- relays moving part. The armature opens and closes the
contacts. An attached spring returns the armature to its original position.

• CONTACTS - The conducting part of the switch that makes (closes) or

breaks (opens) a circuit.
HOW RELAYS WORK
Relay involve two circuits: the energizing circuit and the contact
circuit. The coil is on the energizing side; and the relays contacts
are on the contact side. When a relays coil is energized, current
flow through the coil creates a magnetic field. The magnetic coil
attracts a ferrous plate, which is part of the armature. One end of
the armature is attached to the metal frame, which is formed so
that the armature can pivot, while the other end opens and closes
the contacts.
COMPONENTS OF RELAY
TYPES OF RELAYS
 ELECTRO MECHANICAL
General Purpose Relays are electromechanical switches, usually
operated by a magnetic coil. General purpose relays operate with AC or
DC current, at common voltages such as 12V, 24V, 48V, 120V and 230V,
and they can control currents ranging from 2A-30A. The biggest
advantage of machine control relays over general purpose relays is the
expandable functionality of Machine Control Relays by the adding of
accessories.
COMPONENTS OF ELECTRO MECHANICAL
RELAY
 SOLID STATE RELAY

Solid state relays consist of an input circuit, a control circuit and an

output circuit. The Input Circuit is the portion of a relays frame to
which the control component is connected. The input circuit performs
the same function as the coil of electromechanical relays. The circuit is
activated when a voltage higher than the relays specified Pickup
Voltage is applied to the relays input. The voltage range of 3 VDC to 32
VDC, commonly used with most solid-state relays, makes it useful for
most electronic circuits.
DIAGRAM OF SOLID STATE RELAY
Study Of Over Current Relay

1. 3-phase power supply

2. Power-switch module
3. Voltage transformer
4. Line model
5. Load
6. Time over-current relay
 MATLAB MODEL
OF
OVERCURRENT RELAY
OVERALL TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT
INTERNAL LOGIC CIRCUIT
OUTPUT GRAPHS
CONCLUSION
The proposed model offer effective means for explaining the
behaviours of over current relay. It is shown that these models offer
effective means for explaining the functionality of over current relay
under various operating scenarios. Additionally, the systematic
unfolding style of model development and performance analysis means
that this paper could also serves as guide to develop similar relay
models and benchmark performance. The relay has good advantage in
terms of their sensitivity and wide range controlling.