PRESENTATION BY :

DEEPANSHU DHIMAN
SUBMITTED TO : DR. HARI OM
Graphene
Filtration/desalination
 Contents

Structures &
Introduction History
Properties

Use for Some other

Conclusion
Filteration Applications
INTRODUCTION:

Graphene can be described as one atom thick layer of

graphite.

It is the basic structural element of other allotropes including

Graphite,Charcoal & Fullerenes.

Graphene is thinnest & strongest material known to exist.

HISTORY:

One of the very first patents Two years later In 2004, At the Geim & Novoselov received
pertaining to the production of university of Manchester single noble prize in 2010 for graphene.
graphene was filed in 2002. atom thick crysatallites were
extracted from bulk graphite.

2002 2004 2010

  Graphene is a 2 dimensional network of carbon atom.
STRUCTURE  These carbon atom are bound with the plane by strong
bones into a honeycomb array comprised of 6
membered rings.
 By stacking of these layers on top of each other , the
well known 3-
dimensional structure of graphite crystal is formed.
It is the basic building block of other graphitic materials
.
Thus graphene is nothing else than a single graphite layer.
  Graphene is chemically the most reactive form of carbon.
 Only form of carbon (and generally all solid materials) in
which each single atom is in exposure for chemical
reaction from two sides due to 2D structure.
Chemical  Carbon at the edge of graphene sheets have special
chemical reactivity.
Properties:  Graphene is commonly modified with oxygen and
nitrogen containing functional groups.
 Melting point is around 3652-3697 Celsius.
 It has high boiling point around 4200 Celsius.
 Mechanical & Thermal Properties

 The tensile strength of graphene exceeds one TPa.

 It was found that it is harder than diamond about 300 times.
 It is a perfect thermal conductor.
 Graphite , the 3D version of graphene shows a thermal conductivity about 5 times
smaller.
 The thermal conductance of graphene is isotropic.
But why Graphene is used for water
filtration/desalination?
 By ion bombardment and selective processes small holes can be generated on the
graphene sheets.
 These small holes allows water to pass through it while blocks the salt ions.
 In this way a membrane is formed which can be used for the filtration purposes.
 But these positions of the holes cannot be predicted on the large scale. So it can be
used directly for the water filtration.
 Then what is alternate for this ?
 Instead of using the graphene sheets we use graphene oxides.
Graphene Oxides

 These graphene oxides are formed by the oxidation of the graphite and later these
layers of the graphite are seperated and we get desired graphene oxides.
 These Graphene Oxides have a specific pore of the size of water molecules.
 These graphene oxides sheets are cheap and mass produced.
 These are hydrophilic in nature and therefore water can passes through them at a
greater ease.
How pores can be design in graphene
oxides sheets?
 As making pores on these GO sheets by ion bombardment is not an effective
solution.
 So instead of ion bombardment stacking of these GO sheets is done by reducing
the distance in between them.
 These stacked GO sheets allows the water molecules by capillary action.
 But the salt molecules are not able to pass through it because they usually have a
size greater than 6.2 Angstrom units.
Problems with these GO sheets :

 When these GO sheets are immersed in water these sheets swells up and the size
or the gap in between these sheets increases.
 As water-ion bond is stronger than the water-water bond and therefore the
hydrated salts along with water molecules also passes through these sheets.
 This problem with GO sheets can be overcome by physically laminating these GO
sheets to constrain their swollen sizes.
 In this way the hydrated salt ions are restricted to pass through the GO
membranes and thus a clear filtered water is obtained.
Advantages of Graphene filtration over
RO filtration process ?
 Graphene filtration is a natural occurring process for filtration whereas in RO
system a sufficient amount of energy is required to reverse the naturally occurring
process of osmosis for desalination.
 In RO system there is a removal of only 90-93 % salt ions whereas in graphene
filtration there is a removal of 95% ionic impurities.
 The cost of a graphene plant is just about 44% of RO plants. So it is a cheaper
process than the normal RO process.
 The manufacturing of graphene sheets can be done by using these graphene sheets
in between these GO sheets/ membranes.
 Hence this process would definitely replaces these old RO process in markets ,
industrial desalinations and also in the houses.
Some other applications of Graphene:

 In solar cells
 As supercapacitors for greater energy storage
 Graphene nanoribbons
 Chemical sensors
 Piezoelectric materials and more…
Conclusion

 Hence it can be concluded that stack of these graphene oxides sheets having
graphene sheets can be used for the purpose of water filtration/desalination as
they contains specifically designed pores for the flow of water molecules and to
restrict the ionic content from the impure water and hence it easily converts the
impure drinking water into pure water for the drinking purpose.
 Hence this process can be used for effective water filtration at a lower cost.
ThankYOU !