SQQS2083 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

CHAPTER 4 : STRATIFIED SAMPLING

DR. NAZRINA AZIZ

SQS, UUM CAS

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Overview of stratified sampling:
Divide population into two or more subgroups (called strata) according to
some common characteristic
• A simple random sample is selected from each subgroup
• Samples from subgroups are combined into one

Dr. Nazrina Aziz 2

• Principal reasons for using stratified random sampling rather than
simple random sampling:
– Stratification may produce a smaller bound on the error of
estimation that would be produced by a SRS of the same size.
This statement is particularly true if measurement within strata
are homogenous.
– The cost per observation in the survey may be reduce by
stratification of the population elements into convenient
groupings.
– Estimates of population parameters may be desired for
subgroups of the population. These subgroups should then be
identifiable strata.

Dr. Nazrina Aziz 3

• Suppose that a population of N individuals can be subdivided
into K mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive groups,
or strata
• Stratified random sampling is the selection of independent
simple random samples from each stratum of the population.
• Let the K strata in the population contain N1, N2,. . ., NK
members, so that N1 + N2 + . . . + NK = N
• Let the numbers in the samples be n1, n2, . . ., nK. Then the
total number of sample members is
n1 + n2 + . . . + nK = n

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Example 4.1:
A small town contains a total of 1800
households. How to conduct a survey using
stratified random sampling?

Solution:

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Example 4.2:
A restaurant chain has 60 restaurants in Kedah, 50
in Penang and 45 in Perlis. Management is
considering adding a new item to the menus. To
test the likely demand for this item, it was
introduced on the menus of random samples of
12 restaurants in Kedah, 10 in Penang, and 9 in
Perlis. Conduct the survey by using stratified
random sampling.

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Solution:

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• Let random samples of ni individuals be taken from
strata containing Ni individuals (i = 1, 2, . . ., L)
• Let L K

N
i 1
i N and n
i 1
i n

• Denote the sample means and variances in the strata

by Xi and si2 and the overall population mean by μ
• An unbiased estimator of the overall population
L
1
mean μ is:
x  st Nx
N

i 1
i i

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An unbiased estimator for the variance of the overall
population mean is
K
1
σ̂ 2x st  2
N
 i σ̂ x i
N
j1
2 2

where σ̂ 2x s i2 (N i  n i )
 
i
ni Ni

1 L
 N  n   s 2

hence:
σ̂ 2
x st  2
N
 N 2
i
i
Ni
i
 
n 
i

i 1  i

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An unbiased estimator for the of the overall
population proportion and variance of stratum
are:
L
1 1
pˆ st   N1 pˆ 1  N 2 pˆ 2    N L pˆ L    N pˆ i i
N N i 1

1  L 2  N i  ni  pˆ i qˆi 
ˆ 2
pst
1

2 2 2

 2 N1 ˆ pˆ1  N 2 ˆ pˆ 2    N Lˆ pˆ L  2  N i   
N N  i 1  Ni  ni  1 

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• Suppose that random samples of nj individuals
from strata containing Nj individuals (j = 1,
2, . . ., K) are selected and that the quantity to
be estimated is the population total, Nμ
• An unbiased estimation procedure for the
population total Nμ yields the point estimate
L
ˆ  Nx st   N i x i
i 1

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Example 4.3:
Refer to example 4.2, estimate the average number, total population and variance
of weekly orders per restaurant. Given the sample means and standard deviation for
the numbers of orders received for this item per restaurant in the three state in a
week:
xkedah  21.2 skedah  12.8
x penang  13.3 s penang  11 .4
x perlis  26.1 s perlis  9.2

Then if from each state, 9 customers from Kedah, 8 from Penang and 7 from Perlis
like the new menus. Find the population mean, variance mean, proportion and
variance of stratum proportion.

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N kedah  60 N penang  50 N perlis  45
nkedah  12 n penang  10 n perlis  9

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Solution:

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Solution:

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Exercise 4.1
A small town contains of 1800 households. The town is
divided into three districts, containing 820, 540, 440
households respectively. A stratified random sample of 300
households containing 120, 90, and 90 households,
respectively from these three districts. Sample members
were asked to estimate their total energy bills for the winter
months. The respective sample means were RM290, RM352,
and RM427. The respective sample standard deviation were
RM47, RM61, and RM93. Estimate the mean winter energy
bill, total population of winter energy bill, and the variance of
energy bill for all household in the town.

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N1  820 N 2  540 N 3  440
n1  120 n2  90 n3  90
x1  290 x2  352 x3  427
s1  47 s2  61 s3  93
N  1800

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Solution:

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Solution:

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Determining Sample Size
• The sample size is directly related to the size of
the variance of the population estimator
• If the researcher sets the allowable size of the
variance in advance, the necessary sample size
can be determined

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PROPORTIONAL ALLOCATION: Sample Size
• One way to allocate sampling effort is to make the
proportion of sample members in any stratum the same as
the proportion of population members in the stratum
• If so, for the jth stratum,
nj Nj

n N

• The sample size for the jth stratum using proportional

allocation is Nj
nj  n
N
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Example 4.4:
• Refer to example 4.2, we wish to choose the
sample size n = 30. Find the approximation of n
for estimating means and total population using
proportional allocation.

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Solution:

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Exercise 4.2:
Refer to exercise 4.1, suppose we want to select
the sample size n = 400. Find the approximation
of nj for estimating means and total population
using proportional allocation.

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Solution:

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OPTIMAL ALLOCATION
To estimate an overall population mean or total
and if the population variances in the individual
strata are denoted σj2 , the most precise
estimators are obtained with optimal allocation
• The sample size for the jth stratum using
optimal allocation is n j  N jσ j  n
K

N σ
i 1
i i

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• To estimate an overall population mean or total
and if the population variances in the individual
strata are denoted σj2 , the most precise
estimators are obtained with optimal allocation
• The sample size for the jth stratum using
optimal allocation is n j  N jσ j  n
K

N σ
i 1
i i

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• To estimate the overall population proportion,
estimators with the smallest possible variance
are obtained by optimal allocation
• The sample size for the jth stratum for
population proportion using optimal allocation
is N j Pj (1 Pj )
nj  K
n
N
i 1
i Pi (1 Pi )

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• Example 4.5:
Refer to example 4.2, we wish to choose the
sample size n = 30. Find the approximation of n
for estimating means and total population using
optimum allocation. Given
σkedah = 13, σpenang = 11, and σperlis = 9

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Solution:

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Solution:

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Exercise 4.3
Refer to exercise 4.1, if we wish to take 300
household of the total. Find the approximation
of nj estimating means and total population
using optimal allocation. Given
σ1 = 50, σ2 = 60, and σ3 = 90

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Solution:

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NON PROPORTIONAL ALLOCATION
• Selecting n for estimating the population Means and
Total
Suppose we specify that the estimate sample mean
for stratified sample should lie within B units of the
population mean, with probability approximately
equal to 0.95. symbolically;
2
B
2  2
x st B or  2
x st 
4

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• Let ni = nai i = 1, 2, 3, …, L
where ai is a allocation fraction for stratum i
• Hence approximation n required to estimate μ
N 
L 2 2
is:  i i
ai
n i 1
L
N 2 D   N i i2
i 1

B2
D
4

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and approximation n required to estimate τ is:
N i2 i2
L

 ai
n i 1
L
N D   N i
2
i
2

i 1

B2
D 2
4N

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Example 4.4:

Refer to example 4.2 and 4.3, a prior survey

suggest that the stratum standard deviation are approximately as
follows:
σkedah = 13 σpenang = 11 σperlis = 9

We wish to choose the sample size to obtain a bound on the error of

estimation equal to 2 orders and the allocation fractions are equally,
find the approximation of n for estimating means and total
population.

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• Solution:

Dr. Nazrina Aziz 38