Contents

1. Introduction
2. Binary cement
3. Embodies energy
4. Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM)
5. Types and Technical benefits of Supplementary Cementitious Material
6. Binary cement in concrete manufacturing using GGBS
7. Binary cement in concrete manufacturing using Pulverized Fly Ash
8. Binary cement in concrete using Silica Fumes
9. Binary cement in concrete manufacturing using Rice Husk Ash
10. Conclusion
 Introduction
• Binary Cement:- Cement mixtures containing ordinary portland cement (OPC) and at least one SCM are
called binary cements.
• What is Environmentally sustainable concrete- It is defined as the concrete that uses less energy in its
production and produces less carbon dioxide than normal concrete.
• What is Embodies energy ?
• What is Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) ?
 Types of SCM
 Technical benefits of SCM
• Supplementary Cementitious Material :-
 GGBS
 Pulverized Fly Ash (PFA)
 Rice Husk Ash
 Silica Fume
• Concrete production: 1 tonne of cement produces 1 tonne of CO 2
 Materials Embodied CO2
kg/tonne

Portland Cement Type 1 Cement (CEMI) 913

Embodies CO2
of Portland Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) 67
Cement, GGBS
and PFA Pulverized Fly Ash (PFA) 4

Lime stone 75
Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM)

Types of SCM Technical benefits of SCM

• Reduce water demand
• Improve workability
• Improve durability
• Improve long-term performance
• Reduce life-cycle costs
• Reducing the chance of corrosion for
reinforcement
1. Binary cement in concrete manufacturing using GGBS
What is GGBS ?

 The Ground Granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product of iron manufacturing unit
which is added into the concrete to improves its properties such as workability, strength and
durability.

 The main constituents of blast furnace slag are CaO, SiO 2, Al2O3 and MgO. These are the
minerals that are found in most of the cementations substances.
 Constituents/ Minerals Percentage Percentage in
in GGBS Portland Cement
Calcium oxide (CaO) 40% 60–67%
Composition
of Ground Silica (SiO2) 35% 17–25%
Granulates
blast Furnace Alumina (Al2O3) 16% 3–8%

Slag (GGBS) Magnesia (MgO) 6% 0.1–4%

Other - Fe2O3, etc. 3% 0.5–6%

 Property Value

Physical Physical Form Off white powder

Properties of
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1200
Ground
Granulates Specific gravity 2.9
blast Furnace
Slag (GGBS) Specific surface (m2/kg) 425-470
 Effect of GGBS on Strength Development
• Hooton (2000), found that the use of GGBS in concrete enhances durability, if properly proportioned and cured.
• The 50% replacement level or less was considered sufficient to obtain equivalent performance to a sulphate
resisting Portland cement.
 Advantages of GGBS in concrete
 GGBS in concrete increases the strength and durability of the concrete structure.
 It reduces voids in concrete hence reducing permeability
 GGBS gives a workable mix.
 It possesses good pumpable and compaction characteristics
 The structure made of GGBS constituents helps in increasing sulphate attack resistance.
 The penetration of chloride can be decreased.
 The heat of hydration is less compared to conventional mix hydration.
 The alkali-silica reaction is resisted highly.
 These make the concrete more chemically stable.
 Gives good surface finish and improves aesthetics.
 The colour is more even and light.
 Lower chances of efflorescence
 The maintenance and repair cost of structure are reduced thus increasing the life cycle of concrete structures.
 Impact 100% PC 50% GGBS 30% GGBS

Calculated Greenhouse gas (CO2) 142 kg 85.4 kg (60%) 118 kg

Environmental (100%) (83%)
Impacts for 1
tonne of Primary energy use 1070 MJ 760 MJ (71%) 925
(100% MJ(86%)
concrete
Mineral Extraction 1048 kg 965 kg (92%) 1007 kg
(100%) (96%)
2. Binary cement in concrete manufacturing using Pulverized Fly Ash (PFA)
Physical and Chemical Properties
Elements Chemical Cement (%) Fly Ash (%)
 Fly Ash is slightly finer than symbols
Portland cement Silicon dioxide SiO2 18.11 49.98
Aluminium Al2O3 3.07 25.32
 Similar cement matrix distribution oxide
Ferric oxide Fe2O3 3.03 5.31
 Contain similar chemical
Calcium oxide CaO 65.88 5.92
compound in different proportions Magnesium MgO 1.87 1.51
oxide
Sulphur trioxide SO3 3.37 0.62
Sodium oxide Na2O 0.47 0.83
Potassium K2O 0.19 0.89
oxide
Compressive strength by using Fly Ash

• Fly Ash will greatly increase the

final compressive strength

• Longer hydration time means

slower strength gain

• Any fly ash will decrease short

term strength

• Will achieve approximately 80% of

final strength after 91 days.
Effect of Concrete Produced with Pulverized Fly Ash (PFA) Blended Binary Cement Fly Ash

• According to Joseph and Ramamurthy (2009), using fly ash, the workability is increased.

• The fresh density of concrete is reduced with increase in replacement level of cement by fly Ash.

• Fly Ash particles are usually spherical in shape and reduce the water demand for a given value of slump.

• Fly ash in concrete increases the fine volume and decreases the water content and so reduces the bleeding
of concrete (Ash Utilisation Division, 2011).
REDUCED EMISSIONS
• Producing Portland cement creates CO2 emissions

• By replacing Portland cement less CO2 will be released

• As long as coal is being used to produce power fly ash will continue to be produced.

WORKABILITY
• Fly ash particles have a spherical shape

• Creates a “ball-bearing” like effect

• Increases the workability of the fresh concrete

 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

 Improved long term strength  Low Early Strength

 Improved Workability
 Elimination of Bleeding
 Lower heat of hydration
 Reducing of Shear strength
 Resistance to Chloride ion Penetration
 Resistance to Alkali-Silica Reaction  Reduction of Bonding strength

 Increased Air Entrainment requirement

RECOMMENDATIONS

WHEN TO USE FLY ASH WHEN NOT TO USE FLY ASH

• Mass concrete projects • Cold weather concreting

• Hot weather concreting • Projects where immediate strength of

• Uses where long term compressive the concrete is needed

strength is important • Uses where shear strength is vital

• Environmental benefits
3. Binary cement in concrete manufacturing using Silica Fume (SF)
 According to The Concrete Society (1991), The water demand of concrete increases with the use
of silica fume and is due to the high surface area of the material.

 Concrete containing silica fume is more cohesive and reduces the risk of segregation.

 The slump of silica fume concrete is more than the PC concrete.

 Concrete containing silica fume can have a very high strength and can be very durable.

 Using silica fume, high early strength concrete can be achieved and has been used in tall buildings.

 Shrinkage of concrete is reduced by using silica fume.

Comparison of the physical and chemical properties of OPC and Silica Fume
Properties OPC Silica Fume
Physical
Specific Gravity 3.1 2.2
Mean grain size (µm) 22.5 0.10
Specific area (cm2/g) 3250 200000
Colour Dark Grey Light to dark grey
Chemical Composition
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 22.03 96.0
Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3)
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 3.67 0.60
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 65.19 0.10
Magnesium Oxide 0.88 0.20
Sulphite (So3) 2.86 –
Sodium Oxide (NaO) 0.12 0.10
Potassium Oxide (K2O3) 0.20 0.40
Loss on ignition 0.98 1.70
4. Binary Cement in Concrete Using Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
• Rice husk ash is obtained by burning rice husk in a controlled manner without causing
environmental pollution.

• Rice husk ash (RHA) essentially consist of amorphous silica (90% SiO 2), 5% carbon and 2%
K2O.

• Sunil et al. (2016) have reported that up to 40% replacement of cement by RHA has no change on
the compressive strength of concrete.

• Mehmud et al. (2016), showed that partial replacement of cement by RHA, doesn’t increase the
compressive strength of concrete at the early age, but at later age of 28 and 56 days, there is
appreciable increase in the compressive strength of concrete.

• According to Ghassan and Hilmi, (2010), by using RHA the desired workability and strength can
be achieved.
ADVANTAGES OF RHA

 It shows better bond strength as compared to OPC concrete.

 It reduce permeability to water and aggressive chemicals.

 Permeability of concrete decreases chloride diffusion and chloride permeation reduces (30%)
replacement.

 RHA improve compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength.

Note: Strength of concrete is reduced for larger (beyond 30%) replacement.

 Environmental Impact
• The use of rice husk ash reduces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions
associated with cement production.

• The majority of rice husk goes into landfills because the burning in open piles is not
acceptable due to A constraints. This makes the research on the potential uses of rice husk
and rice husk ash of primary importance in the world.

• The manufacturing of cement produces carbon dioxide, which is a prime contributor to the
global warming. Typically, cement production results in CO2 emissions of about 0.8-1.2
tonnes/tonne of cement product, depending on the production process and the fuel used.

• Using RHA in concrete will making concrete last longer.

Conclusion
1. Various Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) are used as partial replacement of
Portland Cement (PC), e.g. Pulverized Fly Ash (PFA), Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag
(GGBS) silica fume, Rice Husk Ash (RHA).

2. GGBS replacement gives lower heat of hydration, enhanced durability including resistance to
sulphate and chloride attack when compared with normal concrete.

3. The strength gain is slow in the concrete containing GGBS but the long term strength of GGBS
concrete is more compared to the PC concrete.

4. A maximum replacement level of 50% is recommended for GGBS and the curing temperature
of at least 20o C is beneficial.

5. Fly ash is used as a cementitious binder to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance durability
and extend structure life.
Conclusion
6. Fly ash has been used for many years and is used to improve the sulphate resistance, reduce
chloride diffusion, prevent alkali silica reaction and reduce heat generation.

7. It is obtained from the various studies that The slump of silica fume concrete is more than the
PC concrete. Concrete containing silica fume is more cohesive and reduces the risk of
segregation. Concrete containing silica fume can have a very high strength and can be very
durable.

8. Rice Husk Ash (RHA), replacement up to 10% has given good results in improving the
mechanical properties of concrete. However at a larger level of replacement beyond 30%, the
compressive and tensile strength of concrete reduce.

9. The binary cement incorporating SCMs, would continue to make Concrete more sustainable and
environment friendly, with more developments.
References
1. Cement and Concrete Institute, 2011. Sustainable concrete. Available at http://www.cnci.org.za [online],
(accessed 4th October, 2011).
2. Chu, V.T.H., 2007. What is the advantage of using GGBS as replacement of cement in concrete. A Self
Learning Manual – Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works.
3. Davis, R.E., Carlson, R.W., Kelly, J.W., Davis, H.E., 1937. Properties of cements and concretes containing
fly ash. J. Am. Concr. Inst. 33, 577– 611.
4. Detwiler, R.J., Mehta, P.K., 1989. Chemical and physical effects of silica fume on the mechanical behaviour
of concrete. ACI Mater. J. 86 (6), 609–614.
5. Ash Utilisation Division, 2011. Fly Ash for Cement Concrete. NTPC Ltd, Noida, India.
6. Mehmud, H.B., Bahari, S., Yee, Y.W., Yeap, Y.P., 2016. Effect of rice husk ash on strength and durability of
higher strength and high performance concrete. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Struct.
Constr. Architect. Eng. 10 (3).
7. Mehta, P.K., 1992. Rice Husk Ash-A unique supplementary cementing material. In: Malhotra, V.M., (Ed.),
Proceeding International Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology. Athens, Greece., pp: 407- 430.
8. Norchem, 2012. How Does Silica Fume Work in Concrete? [Online], Available at http://www.norchem.com
(accessed 02nd February, 2013).
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