Effect of cargo including heavy

lifts on the seaworthiness and

stability of the ship

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 A sea worthy ship
• can take it cargo to sea without risk of
danger and damage to either the ship or the
cargo.
• fit in relation to its hull structure and
machinery, its holds and equipment, and its
manning and shipboard procedures.

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Stress and Stability 1

• ship with insufficient stability may list

excessively during cargo operations
• ship with insufficient stability could be
swamped by heavy seas
• ship with excessive stability the cargo could
shift, and risk of structural damage

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Stress and Stability 2

• ship may become unstable during the voyage as

bunkers are consumed
• ship which is stress and strained by excessive
bending moments or shear force may suffer
structural failure. can occur immediately but more
likely a long term build up
• Incorrect calculation of drafts may lead to
grounding or refused permission to sail.

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Stability basics
• Heeled, ship inclined by and external force-
e.g. wind
• Listed, ship is inclined by an internal force-
e.g. cargo shifting

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Stability basics

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Stability basics
• Centre of gravity (G), the point through
which the total weight of the ship and all
weights on board, may be considered to act
vertically down.
• Centre of buoyancy (B), the point through
which the total force of buoyancy may be
considered to act vertically up.

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Stability basics
• Archemedes’ principle
• Metacentre (M)
• Metacentric height (GM)
• Positive stability
• Negative stability
• Righting lever (GZ)
• Moment of statical stability (GZ x Disp)
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Behavior of a ship at sea
• Rolling period, function of the GM and the
ship’s beam
• large GM, STIFF
• small GM, TENDER

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Stability calculations

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Stability calculations

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Procedure for calculating the ship’s stability

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Procedure for calculating the ship’s stability

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Procedure for calculating the ship’s stability

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Procedure for calculating the ship’s stability

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Free surface effect
• Whenever a liquid can move in a tank, ther
is a reduction in the ship stability.(slack
tank)
• GG”-G”M
• content of tank between 5% to 95% of its
max capacity

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Free surface effect

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Effect of heavy lifts
• ship use its own cargo handling equipment
to load a heavy lift, the critical stage occurs
when the lift is just clear of the quay

GG” = (w x Gg”) / (W + w)
G’G” = (w x gg”) / (W + w)
Tangent (angle of list) = G’G”/G”M

New draft (AC) = 1/2Beam x Sin(List) (AB) +
Old Draft x Cos(List) (BC)

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Effective of heavy lift

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Investigating lists
• Cargo not loaded evenly about the
centreline
• Cargo shifted in a nonworking compartment
• Ballast pumping at uneven rates in pairs of
port and starboard tanks
• A valve leaking on a tank not in use
• The ship grounding on the inshore side
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Strength and Stress
• loading sequence
• Shear force-tend to break the material across, it is
equal and opposite to the load applied at that point
• Bending moment-total moment tending to alter the
shape of the structure, it is equal to the algebraic
sum of the moment all the loads acting between
that point and one end of the structure-Hog&Sag

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Shear force & Bending moment

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Hog & Sag

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Hog & Sag

• Sagged : weight of the cargo is placed in the

middle of the ship.
• Hogged : weight of the cargo is placed near
the end of the vessel.

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Grain stability

• The free-flowing characteristics of grain

reduces the stability of the ship
• grain which does not completely fill a
compartment displays a free surface effect
similar to a liquid in a partially filled tank
• the grain is likely to flow to one side of the
compartment

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Union Purchase

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rail mounted Granty Crane

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Swinging derrick

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Heavy lift derrick

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Stuelcken Jumbo

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Crane

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