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Human Computer Interaction (HCI) : Chapter One
Human Computer Interaction (HCI) : Chapter One
Human Computer Interaction (HCI) : Chapter One
(HCI)
Chapter One
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Introduction
• Now a days technology has advanced to an extent
that almost everyone come in contact with computers
• You can think about what you use in a typical day:
• ATM, Cell phone, VCR, Remote control,
• Ticketing machine, Digital personal organizers,
• Calculator, Watch, Photocopier, Toaster, Bank,
• Air conditioner, Broadcasting, Satellite,
• Microwave, Medical equipment, Factories,
• Companies….the list is endless
• Computers are everywhere, surrounded us
• Now they are part of our everyday life, penetrating
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in every aspect of our life
• Therefore, we are already utterly, irreversibly
dependent on these Machines
Introduction
• So, we will have to think about them
• We need to fundamentally think how human and
machines interact,
• We will have to think how we can make them better,
and rethink the relationship in deep and novel ways,
• This lead us to the discipline known as HCI
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HCI
• HCI is an emerged discipline concerned basically on
the interaction between human beings and the
computing environment.
• Alternative names:
• Man-machine-interaction (MMI) and
• Computer-human-interaction (CHI)
• All concerned about the interaction between people
(user) and the computer.
• HCI “is the scientific study of the interaction between
people, computers, and the work environment”.
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HCI
The term HCI was adopted in mid-1980s:
• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM):
“Discipline concerned with the design, evaluation &
implementation of interactive computer systems for human use
and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them”
(1992)
• Dix: “HCI is study of people, computer technology and the ways
these influence each other. We study HCI to determine how we can
make this computer technology more usable by people” (1998)
• Carroll: “HCI is the study and practice of usability. It is about
understanding and creating software and other technology that
people will want to use, will be able to use, and will find effective
when used.” (2002)
Human: 5
• Individual user, a group of users working together, a
sequence of users in an organization
HCI
Computer:
• Desktop computer, large-scale computer system, Pocket PC,
embedded system (e.g., photocopier, microwave oven),
• Software (e.g., search engine, word processor)
User interface:
• Parts of the computer that the user interacts with
Interaction:
• Usually involve a dialog with feedback and control
throughout performing a task (e.g., user invokes “print”
command and then interface replies with a dialog box)
HCI is about
• Understanding the users, Understanding users tasks
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• Understanding the surrounding environment
• GUI requirements gathering and analysis, Design prototype
• Evaluate the system
Scope of HCI
• The scope of HCI includes:
• The problems people have with computers
• The impact of computers upon people in both individual
and organizational contexts
• The determinants of utility, usability and acceptability
• The appropriate allocation of tasks between computers
and people
• Modeling the user as an aid to better system design
• Harmonizing the computer to the characteristics and
needs of the user.
• Due to wider scope, the tendency is towards general 7
principle rather than specific system.
Scope of HCI
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Goal of HCI
• The focus of HCI is on the design, implementation, and
evaluation of interactive computer-based system.
• It is also concerned about with multidisciplinary study
of various issues affecting this interaction.
• Ensuring safety, utility, effectiveness, efficiency,
accessibility, and usability of systems is the focal
concern of HCI.
• Safety: protecting the user from dangerous conditions and
undesirable situations
• Users operators should interact with computer- based
systems remotely
• Nuclear energy plant or bomb-disposal
• Medical equipment in intensive care unit (ICU) 9
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HCI Benefits
• Gaining market share
• Improving productivity
• Lowering support costs
• Reducing development cost
Historical Roots of HCI
• Human-computer interaction arose as a field from intertwined
roots in:
• Computer graphics
• Operating systems
• Human factors
• Ergonomics 12
• Industrial engineering
• Cognitive psychology, the systems part of computer science
Historical Roots of HCI
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Historical Roots of HCI
• Computer graphics
• was born from the use of CRT (Cathode ray tube) and pen
devices very early in the history of computers.
• This led to the development of several human-computer
interaction techniques.
• Work in computer graphics has continued to develop
algorithms and hardware that allow the display and
manipulation of ever more realistic-looking objects
(e.g., CAD/CAM machine parts or medical images of body parts).
• Computer graphics has a natural interest in HCI as "interactive
graphics"
(e.g., how to manipulate solid models in a CAD/CAM system).
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Historical Roots of HCI
• Out of this line of development came a number of
important building blocks for human-computer
interaction
• The mouse
• Bitmapped displays
• Personal computers
• Windows
• The desktop metaphor
• Point-and-click editors
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Historical Roots of HCI
• Work on Operating systems developed techniques for
interfacing input/output devices
• Examples (contribution of OS to HCI):
• Tuning system response time to human interaction
times
• Multiprocessing
• Supporting windowing environments and animation.
• This strand of development has currently given rise to "user
interface management systems" and "user interface toolkits".
• Human factors derives from the problems of designing
equipment operable by humans during World War II (Sanders
& McCormick, 1987).
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Historical Roots of HCI
• Many problems faced by those working on human factors had
strong sensory-motor features (e.g., the design of flight
displays and controls).
• The problem of the human operation of computers was a
natural extension of classical human factors concerns, except
that the new problems had substantial cognitive,
communication, and interaction aspects not previously
developed in human factors, forcing a growth of human factors
in these directions.
• Ergonomics is similar to human factors, but it arose from
studies of work. As with human factors, the concerns of
ergonomics tended to be at the sensory-motor level, but with
an additional physiological flavor and an emphasis on stress.
• Human interaction with computers was also a natural topic for 17
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Historical Roots of HCI
• The result has been the gradual evolution of a
standardized interface architecture from hardware
support of mice to shared window systems to
"application management layers."
• Along with these changes, researchers and designers
have begun to develop specification techniques for user
interfaces and testing techniques for the practical
production of interfaces.
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Future Development of HCI
• Decreasing hardware costs leading to larger
memories and faster systems.
• Smallness of hardware leading to portability.
portability.
• New display technologies leading to the
distributed computing.
• Increasingly widespread use of computers,
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