Neurological Disorders

Prof. Bernardo Fernandez II

Neurological Disorders
Neurological disorders are medically defined
as disorders that affect the brain as well as the nerves
found throughout the human body and the spinal cord.
Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the
brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of
symptoms.
Neuropathy
Neuropathy is damage or dysfunction of one or more
nerves that typically results in numbness, tingling, muscle
weakness and pain in the affected area. 
Neuropathies frequently start in your hands and feet, but
other parts of your body can be affected too.
2 Types of Neuropathy

1. Mononeuropathy describes a condition in which only a

single nerve or nerve group is damaged.

2. Polyneuropathy is when multiple peripheral nerves become

damaged, which is also commonly called
peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral nerves are the nerves
outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can occur
if you have diabetes. High blood sugar (glucose) can injure
nerves throughout your body. Diabetic neuropathy most often
damages nerves in your legs and feet.
Diabetic Neuropathy
Acute neuropathic pain (ANP) is a condition that is under-recognized,
often difficult to treat and one that may progress to persistent pain and
disability. 

Radiculopathy describes a range of symptoms produced by the

pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column. The pinched nerve can
occur at different areas along the spine (cervical, thoracic or lumbar).
Symptoms of radiculopathy vary by location but frequently include pain,
weakness, numbness and tingling.

Mononeuritis: Inflammation of a single nerve. There are many causes

of mononeuritis including diabetes mellitus, carpal tunnel syndrome,
rheumatoid arthritis, and Lyme disease. The treatment
of mononeuritis depends on the underlying cause.
 Nerve Compression
Median nerve compression, also called as Carpal tunnel syndrome, is a
condition that causes numbness, tingling, or weakness in your hand. It
happens because of pressure on your median nerve, which runs the length
of your arm, goes through a passage in your wrist called the carpal tunnel,
and ends in your hand.

Ulnar nerve compression is a nerve disorder that can cause numbness, pain,

or tingling in the arm, hand, or fingers. When you bend your elbow, the ulnar
nerve—which travels from the shoulder to the hand—wraps around a bony
ridge on the inside of the elbow called the medial epicondyle.

Injuries to the peroneal nerve can cause numbness, tingling, pain, weakness

and a gait problem called foot drop. What You Need to Know. The branches of
the common peroneal nerve innervate and control the muscles in the legs
that lift the ankle and toes upward (dorsi flexion).
Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rare disorder in which your body's

immune system attacks your nerves. Weakness and tingling in
your extremities are usually the first symptoms. These sensations
can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body.
Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disorder that
causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are the
muscles your body uses for movement. It occurs when
communication between nerve cells and muscles becomes
impaired.
 Myopathy
Myopathy is a general term referring to any disease that
affects the muscles that control voluntary movement in the
body. Patients experience muscle weakness due to a
dysfunction of the muscle fibers.
 SPINAL ROOT DESEASE
(Radiculopathy)

"Cervical radiculopathy is a disease process marked by nerve

compression from herniated disk material or arthritic bone spurs. This
impingement typically produces neck and radiating arm pain or numbness,
sensory deficits, or motor dysfunction in the neck and upper extremities."

The prolapsed disc or ruptured disc material can enter the spinal canal,

squashing the spinal cord, but more frequently the spinal nerves.
Herniated discs rarely occur in children, and are most common in young
and middle-aged adults. A herniation may develop suddenly, or gradually
over weeks or months.
SPINAL CORD DESEASE
The spinal cord may be compressed due to a bone fracture,
spinal degeneration, or abnormalities, such as a hematoma,
tumor or herniated disk. Damage from inside the spinal cord
can be caused by a number of disorders, such as: Fluid-filled
cavities. Blockage of blood supply.
 Hereditary spastic paraplegia 
(HSP)

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited

diseases whose main feature is a progressive gait disorder.
The disease presents with progressive stiffness (spasticity)
and contraction in the lower limbs.
THANK
YOU