LINUX

Operating System
Presented by –
ANKIT KUMAR
0806810013
 PREFACE
 Engineers are the makers of modern world.
Twentieth century in engineering terms is
nothing but the age of computer science. It
is very necessary for a computer engineer
to get acquainted with the process of
networking especially on Linux operating
system as per the today’s increasing
demand of it
 INDEX
 01. INTRODUCTION TO LINUX
 02. BEGINNING OF LINUX
03. SALIENT FEATURES OF LINUX
04. LINUX INSTALLATION
 05. LINUX SYSTEM ARCHITECHTURE
 06. LINUX USER INTERFACE
 07. LINUX USER LOGIN
 08. LINUX FILE SYSTEM STRUCTER
 09. LINUX PROCESS MANAGEMENT
 10. LINUX NETWORKING
 11. LINUX PROS & CONS
 12. LINUX TODAY
 13. WHO ARE USING LINUX
 INTRODUCTION TO LINUX

 LINUX is an open source / free software. With its

advanced server configuration, Red Hat is putting Linux
as an operating system at the core of enterprise
computing. Today Linux is found in Web infrastructure, file
server, ERP, and point of sale system, increasingly in the
systems running critical applications at large companies.
Analysts predict that by the end of this decade Linux will be
a common element in the enterprise computing landscape.
 “Over the last year, we’ve seen Linux go from being
focused on small and medium business to being used
very deep in the enterprise”, says Paul Cormier,
executive vice president of engineering at Red Hat, a
leading Linux platform provider.
  Beginning of Linux

– A famous professor Andrew Tanenbaum developed Minix, a

simplified version of UNIX that runs on PC
– Minix is for class teaching only. No intention for commercial use
– In Sept 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year student of
Computer Science at the University of Helsinki, developed the
preliminary kernel of Linux, known as Linux version 0.0.1

– It was put to the Internet and received enormous

response from worldwide software developers
– By December came version 0.10. Still Linux was
little more than in skeletal form.

5
 Basic Features of LINUX OS
 Multi-user
 Multitasking & enhanced Symmetric Multiprocessing
 Graphical User Interface (KDE, GNOME)
 Hardware support (RAM up to 4GB, 10 IDE controllers, 16
NICs, USB)
 Networking connectivity (IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, X.25, …)
 Security (Local & Remote)
 Network servers (F/P, HTTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3, DHCP,
DNS, FTP, …)
 Applications support
 Software packaging (RPM)
 Easy Installation & Administration
 Reliable & Robust(Stable and fault tolerance)
 Salient Features of LINUX

 Linux is the fastest operating system in the world.

 Linux is the most reliable OS.
 Linux has an excellent scalability
 Linux is fully 32-bit & 64-bit operating system.
 Linux is a very secure OS.
 Linux is very mature and is one of the oldest operating
system in the world.
 Linux is less demanding os.
 Linux uses X-window .
 Linux has very low total_cost_of_ownership .
 Linux runs on many hardware platforms .
 Linux is free of any cost.
 LINUX INSTALLATION

 Choosing computer hardware: - To install the

PC version of Linux successfully, there are few
things that the computer must have:
 x86 Processor (Intel compatible MP above 80386)
 RAM (at least 32MB, recommended 64MB)
 HDD (at least 900MB free space)
 FDD, CD-ROM drive or LAN connection
 Keyboard & Monitor
 Mouse (for X-Windows)
 LINUX SYSTEM
ARCHITECHTUE

Applications: Compilers, word processors, X-based GUI

AUI

LINUX Shell: Bourne Again (bash), TC, Z, etc.

Language libraries
API
System call interface

Memory File management Process

management Management
Kernel
Device Drives
BIOS
Computer Hardware

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 LINUX USER INTERFACE

 By adopting the X-Window technology, graphical user interface

(GUI) is available for Linux:
– Uses pointing devices (e.g. mouse) to control the system,
similar to Microsoft’s Windows
– Provide menu-driven and/or icon-driven interfaces
– menu-driven: user is provided with a menu of choices.
Each choice refers to a particular task
– icon-driven: tasks are represented by pictures (icon) and
shown to user. Click on an icon invokes one task
– Advantages: No need to memorize commands. Always select
task from menus or icons
– Disadvantages: Slow and require certain resource for its
implementation
– Suitable for general users and systems, such as PC

10
LINUX GUI

•• AAtypical
typicalLinux
LinuxGUI
GUIbased
basedon
onGNOME
GNOME
•• Similar
SimilartotoMicrosoft’s
Microsoft’sWindows,
Windows,however,
however,
different
differentwindow
windowsystems
systemscan
canbe
bechosen
chosen(e.g.
(e.g.
GNOME,
GNOME,KDE, KDE,etc)
etc)

11
 Linux User Login

 Linux is a multiuser OS
 Allow multiple users to use the resource of a computer at the same time
 Every user needs to login the system with the password provided to identify
their right in using the resource
 Require for both client-server based system or desktop

Mary Paul
Peter

Linux Client-server based

Server system 12
 Linux File System Structure

 According to the File System Standard (FSSTND)

proposed in 1994, every LINUX system should
contain a set of standard files and directories

root / directories

bin lib lost+found mnt opt root sbin var

boot dev etc proc home tmp usr

file
… dlun guest bin lib local
fd hd hd grouppasswd 13
Default file structure of Linux

bin dev etc

 File Storage in Linux

 Data storage on hard disk

– Data in a hard disk are stored on a magnetic flat plate
– Disk’s surface needs to be partitioned and labeled so
that computer can go directly to a specific point on it
– Achieve by low level formatting the disk
 Create magnetic concentric circles called tracks
 Each track is split into smaller parts called sectors
and numbered
 Each sector: hold 512 bytes data
 E.g. 80 tracks (from outer to inner 0 .. 79), 18 sectors
disk can store 80x18x512 bytes data.
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 Formatted Disk
Sector Density of data is higher for
inner tracks than outer
Track tracks

16
 Linux Process Management

 Linux is a multitasking system

 Multiple programs can be executed at the same
time
 Ultimately, a program needs to be executed by a
CPU
 If there is only one CPU, how multiple programs
can be executed at the same time?
 By time sharing
 That is, all programs are claimed to be executing.
In fact, most of them are waiting for the CPU
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 PROCESS MGT CONT.

 A program that is claimed to be executing is

called a process
 For a multitasking system, a process has at least
the following three states:

Start
execution Ready Running

Finish
execution

Sleeping

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 LINUX NETWORKING

 Hardware Requirement For Red Hat Linux Network

Installation Pentium base Server with 64 MB RAM Hard
disc drive of minimum 4.3 GB Ethernet Card (NIC)
10/100 MBPS 10 Nos Ethernet Hub
10/100 MBPS 12 Port 01 Nos UTP CAT 5e
Cable 500 Meter
(Approx) RJ-45 Connector
30 NosSoftware & Operating System Red Hat Linux
8.0 Professional Server 01 NosClient
Operating System 20
NosNetwork Installation & Implementation Red Hat
Linux 8.0 Professional installation and Configuration
(LAN/WAN)
Linux Pros and Cons

 Advantages over Windows

– It's almost free to relatively inexpensive
– Source code is included
– Bugs are fixed quickly and help is readily
available through the vast support in Internet
– Linux is more stable than Windows
– Linux is truly multi-user and multi-tasking
– multiuser: OS that can simultaneously serve a
number of users
– multitasking: OS that can simultaneously
execute a number of programs
– Linux runs on equipment that other operating
systems consider too underpowered, e.g. 386
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systems, PDA, etc
 Linux Pros and Cons (Cont)

 Multi-tasking , Multi-desktop , Powerful networking Variety of server

 Crash Proof , Economical Secured , User friendly GUI,
Virus proof , Advanced OS,

Disadvantages
compared with Windows
– Isn't as popular as Windows
– No one commercial company is responsible for Linux
Linux is relatively hard to install
Hence currently, Linux is mainly used in commercial
applications, server implementation
 More than 75% current network servers are
developed based on Linux or Unix systems
– Due to the relatively high reliability
  Linux Today

– Linux has been used for many computing platforms

– PC, PDA, Supercomputer,…
– Current kernel version 2.6.13
– Not only character user interface but graphical user
interface, thanks to the X-Window technology
– Commercial vendors moved in Linux itself to provide
freely distributed code. They make their money by
compiling up various software and gathering them in
a distributable format
– Red Hat, Slackware ,ubuntu etc
– Chinese distribution of Linux also appeared in
Taiwan and China - CLE, Red Flag Linux
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 Who are using Linux :-
 Private sector  Government sector
 Raymond’s  Air-India
 ICICI  Central Excise
 IDBI  Govt. of MP
 Bharat petroleum  Govt. of Goa
 Reliance  Govt. of Kerala
 Asian Paints  Govt. of A P etc.
 Railways
 THE END

 -THANK YOU !