COURSE PLAN

UNIT - I
Lecture Topics Key-words Objectives
No(s)

1-2 Operational amplifiers : Equivalent circuits, voltage transfer curve – Ideal op amp parameters To understand the concept of
Open loop Op-amp configuration characteristics of ideal Op-
amp
3-6 Voltage series, Voltage shunt feedback amplifiers configurations Effect of Negative feedback To analyze the feedback
on op amp performance, amplifiers to find the gain,
negative feedback input impedance and output
topologies, voltage shunt impedance
and voltage series
configurations
Practical Op Amp.
Inverting, Non inverting,
7-8 Differential amplifiers Differential Configurations To understand the concept of
closed loop differential Op-
amp
9-11 Output Off set voltage, off set null pins. DC Imperfections Analysis of Imperfection in
Minimizing output offset voltage due to input bias current and input Op-amp with and without
offset current feedback
12-13 Factors affecting off set parameters. DC Imperfection Analysis of Imperfection in
Op-amp with and without
feedback
14-15 CMRR – Open and closed loop frequency response of op-amp, AC Imperfection Analysis of Imperfection in
circuit stability, Slew rate and its effects in applications Op-amp with and without
feedback
 DRAWBACKS
Closed OF OPENof
loop operation LOOP
op-amp
AMPLIFIER
 THE OPEN LOOP GAIN OF THE OP-AMP IS VERY LARGE, ONLY THE MICROVOLTS OR
LESS SIGNALS HAVING VERY LOW FREQUENCY MAY BE AMPLIFIED ACCURATELY
WITH OUT DISTORTION.

 THE OPEN LOOP GAIN VARIES WITH CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND POWER
SUPPLY AS WELL AS MASS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES.

 THE BANDWIDTH (BAND OF FREQUENCIES FOR WHICH THE GAIN REMAINS

CONSTANT) OF OPEN LOOP OP-AMP IS NEGLIGIBLY SMALL. OPEN LOOP
BANDWIDTH OF LM741 IS 5HZ.IN ORDER TO AMPLIFY THE AC SIGNALS, THE
BANDWIDTH SHOULD BE MORE THAN THE 5HZ.

 FOR THE REASON STATED, THE OPEN LOOP OP-AMP IS GENERALLY NOT USED IN
LINEAR APPLICATIONS.
Contd…
 The utility of the op-amp can be increased considerably by
operating in closed loop mode.
 The closed loop operation is possible with the help of
feedback. The feedback allows to feed some part of the
output back to the input terminals.
 In the linear applications, the op-amp is always used with
negative feedback.
 The negative feedback helps in controlling gain, which
otherwise drives the op-amp out of its linear range, even
for a small noise voltage at the input terminals.
Contd… TYPES OF FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIER
• Positive feedback

 If original input signal and feedback signal are in phase, the feedback type is
known as positive feedback. It tends to increase the output.

• Negative feedback

 If original input signal and feedback signal are out of phase, the feedback type is
known as negative feedback. It tends to reduce the output.
Contd…

Parameter Positive Feedback Negative Feedback

Overall phase shift 0 or 360 degrees 180 degrees

Feedback signal and In phase Out of phase

input signal [Regenerative feedback] [Degenerative feedback]

Input and output increases due to Decreases due to

voltage, noise feedback feedback

Gain increases decreases

Stability poor better

applications or use oscillators amplifier

Contd…

• ADVANTAGES OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK OVER POSITIVE FEEDBACK

 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK STABILIZES GAIN OF AMPLIFIER.
 INPUT RESISTANCE INCREASES FOR CERTAIN CONFIGURATIONS.
 OUTPUT RESISTANCE DECREASES FOR CERTAIN CONFIGURATIONS.
 OPERATING POINT IS STABILIZED.
 THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS EMPLOYED IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS SUCH AS
ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIERS, REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES, WIDEBAND AMPLIFIERS
ETC.

• DISADVANTAGES OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK OVER POSITIVE FEEDBACK.

  REDUCTION IN GAIN
Contd… STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
CIRCUITS
Practice Problem
 iF RF

+
iin + vO
-
CURRENT TO VOLTAGE CONVERTER
 iF RF
Given: iin = 10 mA

_
RF = 200 
Find: iF , vo and rm
+
iin + vO
-
 Practice Problem
The inverting op-amp shown in the figure has an open-loop gain of 100.
The closed-loop gain V0 / VS is ?
PRACTICE PROBLEM
2. OpAmp LM741with the following parameters is connected in closed loop
configuration with voltage series feedback: R1 =10kΩ, Rf=100KΩ, A= 2 x 105,
Ri=2MΩ, R0= 75Ω, Vcc = ±12V, output voltage swing = ±12V and Break
frequency f0 = 5Hz. Compute the values of AF, RiF,RoF,FF and VOOT.
Solution
1. Differentiate between open loop gain and closed loop gain.
2. The gain of a buffer amplifier is unity. Explain.