ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT
MBA
SEMESTER -I
 SYLLABUS

• Environmental Management: Fundamentals - Sustainable Development, Implications of

human population growth, Limits to growth, Environment and Business Schools;
• Energy Management: Fundamentals - Fossil Fuels use, Energy production and Trade, Energy
Balance;
• Ecosystem Concepts: Concepts and their application in Business, Industrial Ecology and
Recycling industry;
• Environmental Management System: EMS Standards, ISO 14000, Environmental Auditing,
Clearance/ Permissions for establishing industry;
• Environmental Management & Valuation: Environmental Accounting, Economics-
Environmental Taxes Shifts, Green Funding, Corporate Mergers, Environmental Ethics;
• Environmental Management Trade and Environmental Managemental, Debt and
Environment, GATT/ WTO Provisions;
• Environmental Laws Acts, Patents, IPRS, Role of NGO'S, PIL;
• Pollution of Waste Management: Air, Water, Land Pollution, Trade in Wastes;
• Water, Forest & Biodiversity Management: Water Resources, Dams and their Role;
• Forest Product and Trade, Role of Biodiversity in International Trade;
• Approaches to Corporate Ethics;
• Bio- Ethics.
 TOPIC 1

Environmental Management: Fundamentals -

Sustainable Development, Implications of human
population growth, Limits to growth, Environment
and Business Schools
Environment
• Environment is everything that is around.
– It can be living or non-living things.
– It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces.
– In the environment there are interactions between animals,
plants, soil, water and other living and non-living things.

• There exists a close relationship between man and

environment
– On the one hand man is born in environment and establishes
harmony with environment.
– On the other hand man tries to control his environment and
change it according to his requirements.

• Hence it requires an understanding of the environment of

which man is a part.
Meaning
• The term environment has been derived from a French word
“Environia” means "to surround".
• It refers to both abiotic (physical or non-living) and biotic (living)
environment.
• Environment refers to the materials and forces that surrounds the
living organism.
• Environment and the organisms are two dynamic and complex
component of nature.
• Environment regulates the life of the organisms including human
beings. Human beings interact with the environment more
vigorously than other living beings.
• Environment is the sum total of conditions in which an organism has
to survive or maintain its life process. It influences the growth and
development of living forms.
Definition
• According to P. Gisbert “Environment is anything immediately
surrounding an object and exerting a direct influence on it.”

• According to E. J. Ross “Environment is an external force which

influences us”.

• Thus, environment refers to anything that is immediately surrounding an

object and exerting a direct influence on it.

• Our environment refers to those thing or agencies which though distinct

from us, affect our life or activity.

• The environment by which man is surrounded and affected may be natural,

artificial, social, biological and psychological.
Components of Environment:
• It consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It’s
chief components are soil, water, air, organisms and solar energy.

• It can be roughly divided into two types

– Micro environment (People, Culture, Work Ethics, Attitude) : refers to
the immediate local surrounding of the organism
– Macro environment (Political, Economic, Social, Legal, Technological,
Natural): refers to all the physical and biotic conditions that surround the
organism externally

• It can also be divided into two other types-

– Physical environment : refers to all abiotic factors or conditions like
temperature, light, rainfall, soil, minerals etc. It comprises of
atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.
– Biotic environment : includes all biotic factors or living forms like
plants, animals, Micro-organisms.
Atmosphere
• The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases,
commonly known as air, that surrounds the
planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity.
• The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth
by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation,
warming the surface through heat retention
(greenhouse effect), and reducing
temperature extremes between day and night
(the diurnal temperature variation)
• The major constituents of air are nitrogen,
oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon etc.

Structure of the Atmosphere

• Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200
miles)
• Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles)
• Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles)
• Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles)
• Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles)
Hydrosphere
• The hydrosphere is the combined mass of water found on, under,
and above the surface of the planet.
• It has been estimated that there are 1386 million cubic kilometers
of water on Earth.
• The total mass of the Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 ×1018 tonnes,
which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. About 20 × 1012 tonnes
of this is in Earth's atmosphere.
• Saltwater accounts for 97.5% of this amount. The average salinity of
Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water
(3.5%).
• Fresh water accounts for only 2.5%. Of this fresh water, 68.9% is in
the form of ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic, the Antarctic,
and mountain glaciers. 30.8% is in the form of fresh groundwater.
• Only 0.3% of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes,
reservoirs and river systems.
• Approximately 75% of Earth's surface, an area of some 361 million
square kilometers (139.5 million square miles), is covered by ocean.
• The hydrological cycle transfers water from one state or reservoir
to another.
Lithosphere
• A lithosphere, "rocky", and "sphere" is the rigid, outermost shell of a
terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid
mechanical properties.
• On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper
mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of
years.
• The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the
basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.
• The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic plates. The Earth's
lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates (depending
on how they are defined) and many minor plates.
• There are two types of lithosphere:
– Oceanic lithosphere : which is associated with oceanic crust and
exists in the ocean basins (mean density of about 2.9 grams per cubic
centimeter)
– Continental lithosphere : which is associated with continental crust
(mean density of about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter)
Lithosphere Layers
Earth Tectonic Plate
Biosphere
• The biosphere, bios "life" and sphaira "sphere" also known as the
ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.
• Also termed as the zone of life on Earth, a closed system (apart from solar
and cosmic radiation and heat from the interior of the Earth), and largely
self-regulating.
• The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings
and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the
lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Indian Bioreserves
The Achanakmar-Amarkantak -
• It is shared by two states –
Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh.
• The dense forest hosts unique
flora and fauna.
• It is the source of three major river
systems, the Narmada, Johilla and
the Son River.
 Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve-
• A UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• The Western Ghats have been divided
into two parts, one of which along with
three other national parks, makes the
expanse of Agasthymalai Biosphere
Reserve.
• The eco-regions of moist deciduous
forests of Western Ghats
• The montane rain forest and Shola
together shelter a collection of over
2,000 varieties of medicinal plants, 50
rare and endangered species, such as
the Asian Elephant
• Shelter the Kanikaran people who are
one of the oldest surviving ancient
tribes in the world .
• Cold Desert (Pin Valley National
Park; Chandratal and Sarchu &
Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary) -
• Situated in the western Himalayas, this
reserve marks its area within Himachal
Pradesh and in Pakistan (Skardu).
• The terrain matches that of a high
altitude Himalayan desert.
• Is host to some very unique
biodiversity.
• Known for the preservation of the
extremely rare Snow Leopard.
• The area also serves an important role
in the history of Buddhism in India.
• The massive reserve is 7,770 square
kilometres vast and includes the Pin
Valley National Park, Chandratal,
Sarchu and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary.
 The Great Nicobar Biosphere
Reserve -
• Encompasses 85% of the
island Great Nicobar.
• The 12-km forest buffer zone
provides a protective shield to
the rare biodiversity.
• Within this reserve also lie
tribal communities, which
continue to flourish as they did
centuries ago.
• The Campbell Bay National
Park and Galathea National
Park also incorporate this
biosphere.
• Gulf of Mannar
• Nanda Devi National Park
• Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
• Nokrek National Park
• Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve
• Sundarbans
Hydrosphere