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Foundations and Basements: Building Technology (EG 626 CE)
Foundations and Basements: Building Technology (EG 626 CE)
Foundations and Basements: Building Technology (EG 626 CE)
1
Foundation
Definition of foundation
It is the lowest part of structure. It provides base for super
structure. It transmits loads to soil below. It is a part that is
below the ground level.
Function of foundation
To transmit all superimposed loads (wind, vibration, dead and
live loads).
To withstand against all kinds of settlements (against failure of
underlying soil).
To give stability to structure by resisting in firm base.
To prevent lateral movement of supporting materials.
Characteristics
Wide enough section to distribute weight over larger base area
within safe bearing capacity.
Evenly loaded condition that prevents unequal settlement.
Deep enough preventing overturning and increasing stability.
2
Foundation
Types of foundation
Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
Shallow foundation
The depth of the foundation is less than or equal
to its width.
It is placed immediately below the lowest part of
the superstructure.
Deep foundation
It is relatively deep and need special precautions
The purpose of deep foundation is to attain
bearing stratum deep inside the ground in case of
weak soil.
3
Shallow foundation
Spread footing
Independent footing
Combined footing
Continuous footing
Strip footing
Wall footing
Inverted arch footing
Eccentrically loaded footing
Offset and Strap (cantilever) footing
Raft foundation
Slab (solid)-up to 30 cm
Slab and beam- slab > 30 cm
Cellular- slab >90 cm
Grillage foundation
Timber grillage
Steel grillage
4
Shallow Foundation
Spread
footing
5
Shallow Foundation
Strip footing
2t + 2J
wall Inverted arch Eccentric
6
Shallow Foundation
Cellular
Slab Raft Slab & beam
Raft Foundation
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Shallow Foundation
Timber grillage
Steel grillage
Grillage Foundation
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Deep Foundation
Pile foundation
Well foundation (caissons)
Piles
Pile is the pillar like structure driven deep in to the ground
to strengthen strength of soil below, It acts as support to
the spread footing, It is used individually or in cluster
through out wall.
Uses of piles
in very poor soil condition,
in waterlogged soil (high water table),
in filling areas,
in areas with heavy loads,
in compressible soil,
in the areas where the mat or grillage foundations are
not possible.
as the anchor in docks,
9
Deep Foundation
Types of piles
According to the
uses; Decking
Bearing piles
Friction piles
Sheet piles Sheet
10
Deep Foundation
Types of Piles
According to material use;
Steel piles (H-beam, Box piles, pipe piles, screw piles and
disc piles)
Cement concrete piles
Cast-in-situ piles
Cased: Raymond, Mcarthor, Monotube, BSP base
driven, Swage etc.
Uncased: Simplex, Franki, Vibro, Vibro-expanded,
Pedestral, Pressure etc.
Pre-cast piles
Pre-stressed piles
Timber piles
Composite piles
Sand piles
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Deep Foundation
Well foundation
Well foundation is the water tight box structure of
wood/ RCC/steel and mostly used in the
foundation of the bridges.
Purpose: to develop an enclosure below for plumb
and provide access shaft to reach a deep tunnel
transmitting the loads to hard bearing strata.
Types of well foundations (Caissons)
Box caissons
Well foundation or open caissons- single, double
or cylindrical
Pneumatic caissons
13
Soil and soil exploration
14
Method of soil exploration
Inspection
Naked eye observation
Test pits
Helps to know type of soil at small depth, pit size: 1.5*1.5 m² and depth 1.5m.
Probing
Hollow tube of 35-50 mm is driven to ground at about 30 cm at a time.
Boring
Auger
Deep: percussion and rotating boring.
Wash: case tube is driven along with this a wash jet is inserted, this washes the soil
below and bring it to the surface.
Test piles
Wood/steel piles are driven under hammer blows.
Geo-physical methods
Electrical method
Electric current is passed through cathode and anode in soil and the flow of current
through cathode to anode is the measure of soil below.
Seismic methods
Vibrations are caused by artificial explosions and the movement of these vibration
waves measures the soil characteristics.
15
Bearing capacity of soil
16
Methods of improving bearing capacity of soil
17
Suitability of different types of
foundation
18
Foundation in black cotton soil
19
Foundation in black cotton soil
20
Settlement of foundation
22
Underpinning of foundations of existing
building
Definition
It is a process of improving and strengthening
existing foundation
It facilitates to support structure and assist in
transferring loads to better soil strata
Necessity
Occurrence of excessive settlement
Increasing load bearing capacity of foundation
Change of functional use
Addition in loading pattern
Permitting to lower adjacent ground below
existing foundation
Construction of new basement nearby
23
Underpinning
Sequences of operation
Suitable holes driven through the wall and a needle beam is
inserted & supported on the jack
Excavation is started below foundation and footing of the
foundation is reached
The offset of the foundation is cutoff and removed & excavation
is reached to the defined depth
New foundation is laid in the desired depth up to the underside
of the existing foundation
This process is repeated in stages
Final layer of pinning work just underside of existing foundation
should be done with the mortar from rapid hardening cement
Precautions
Excavation in one time done for less than one fourth of length,
for weak soil it is done for less than one fifth to one seventh of
length, normally length of one bay is taken as 1.5 m
To be carried out slowly in stages and not at a time
25
Methods of underpinning
Pit method
Ordinary
Cantilever
Pile method
Improving of foundation by grouting
and chemical consolidation
26
Methods of underpinning
wall
GL wall
Pile cap
Perforated pipe
GL
pile
27
Basement
Basement is a
space, a storey or
a floor immediately
below the adjacent
ground level.
Retaining wall is
essential
component of
basement.
28
Basement
Retaining wall
Structural wall that resists lateral thrust of earth mass,
pressure of sub-soil water & support vertical loads.
Function of retaining wall
Strength, stability and Durability
Resistance to overturn and horizontal slide
Resistance to overstress in the materials of
construction
Resistance to overstress in the soil on which the wall
rest
29
Forces acting on the retaining walls
surcharge
Mass of wall
Angle of repose
Friction at interface
Ground pressure
31
Factors affecting strength, stability and
durability of retaining wall
32
Types of retaining walls
33
Types of Retaining wall
C
o
u
n
t
e
r Gravity or Mass Retaining Wall
f
o
r
t
34
Retaining wall