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Chapter 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks: Background
Chapter 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks: Background
Background:
# wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now
exceeds # wired phone subscribers!
computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs,
Internet-enabled phone promise anytime
untethered Internet access
two important (but different) challenges
communication over wireless link
handling mobile user who changes point of
attachment to network
wireless hosts
laptop, PDA, IP phone
run applications
may be stationary
(non-mobile) or mobile
network wireless does not
infrastructure always mean mobility
3G
384 Kbps UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000
384 Kbps
2G
56 Kbps IS-95 CDMA, GSM
56 Kbps
A B C
C
space
Hidden terminal problem
B, A hear each other Signal fading:
B, C hear each other B, A hear each other
A, C can not hear each other B, C hear each other
A, C can not hear each other
means A, C unaware of their
interference at B interferring at B
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
output output
slot 1 slot 0
M
Di = Zi,m.cm
m=1
M
received 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d0 = 1
input -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 d1 = -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
BSS 2
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-16
802.11: Channels, association
802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into
11 channels at different frequencies
AP admin chooses frequency for AP
interference possible: channel can be same as
that chosen by neighboring AP!
host: must associate with an AP
scans channels, listening for beacon frames
containing AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address
selects AP to associate with
may perform authentication [Chapter 8]
will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s
subnet
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-17
IEEE 802.11: multiple access
avoid collisions: 2+ nodes transmitting at same time
802.11: CSMA - sense before transmitting
don’t collide with ongoing transmission by other node
802.11: no collision detection!
difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due
to weak received signals (fading)
can’t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading
goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance)
A B C
C
A’s signal C’s signal
B strength strength
A
space
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-18
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
802.11 sender
1 if sense channel idle for DIFS then sender receiver
transmit entire frame (no CD)
DIFS
2 if sense channel busy then
start random backoff time
timer counts down while channel idle data
transmit when timer expires
if no ACK, increase random backoff
SIFS
interval, repeat 2
ACK
802.11 receiver
- if frame received OK
return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due
to hidden terminal problem)
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-19
Avoiding collisions (more)
idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random
access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames
sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets
to BS using CSMA
RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re short)
BS broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS
RTS heard by all nodes
sender transmits data frame
other stations defer transmissions
RTS(A) RTS(B)
reservation collision
RTS(A)
CTS(A) CTS(A)
DATA (A)
defer
time
ACK(A) ACK(A)
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
Internet
H1 R1 router
AP
802.3 frame
802.11 frame
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-23
802.11 frame: more
frame seq #
duration of reserved
(for reliable ARQ)
transmission time (RTS/CTS)
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Power More
Type Subtype Retry WEP Rsvd
version AP AP frag mgt data
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
H1 remains in same IP
router
subnet: IP address
can remain same hub or
switch: which AP is switch
headphones) P
radius of
M
ad hoc: no infrastructure coverage
master/slaves: S P
S P
slaves request permission to
send (to master)
master grants requests
802.15: evolved from M Master device
wired network
TDMA/FDMA
CDMA-2000
GPRS EDGE UMT Don’t drown in a bowl
IS-136 S
GSM IS-95 of alphabet soup: use this
oor reference only
CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
data rates up to 144K
evolved from IS-95
wide area
network
Permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186 correspondent
Care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e.g., 79,129.13.2)
wide area
network
1
2
wide area
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent contacts home foreign agent on
agent home: “this mobile is entering visited
resident in my network” network
End result:
Foreign agent knows about mobile
Home agent knows location of mobile
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-40
Mobility via Indirect Routing
foreign agent
receives packets,
home agent intercepts forwards to mobile
packets, forwards to visited
foreign agent network
home
network
3
wide area
network
2
1
correspondent 4
addresses packets
mobile replies
using home address
directly to
of mobile
correspondent
correspondent, mobile
are in same network
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by
correspondent
R bit: registration
required type = 16 length sequence #
RBHFMGV
registration lifetime reserved
bits mobility agent
advertisement
0 or more care-of- extension
addresses
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-50
Mobile IP: registration example
visited network: 79.129.13/24
home agent foreign agent
HA: 128.119.40.7 COA: 79.129.13.2 ICMP agent adv.
Mobile agent
COA: 79.129.13.2 MA: 128.119.40.186
….
registration req.
registration req. COA: 79.129.13.2
COA: 79.129.13.2 HA: 128.119.40.7
HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186
MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 9999
Lifetime: 9999 identification:714
identification: 714 ….
encapsulation format
….
registration reply
time HA: 128.119.40.7 registration reply
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999 HA: 128.119.40.7
Identification: 714 MA: 128.119.40.186
encapsulation format Lifetime: 4999
…. Identification: 714
….
recall: correspondent
wired public
telephone
network
MSC MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
1 call routed
to home network
3 Public
VLR switched
Mobile
telephone
Switching
network
Center
4
home MSC sets up 2nd leg of call
to MSC in visited network
mobile
user MSC in visited network completes
visited call through base station to mobile
network
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-54
GSM: handoff with common MSC
should be minimal …
logically, impact
best effort service model remains unchanged
TCP and UDP can (and do) run over wireless, mobile
… but performance-wise:
packet loss/delay due to bit-errors (discarded
packets, delays for link-layer retransmissions), and
handoff
TCP interprets loss as congestion, will decrease
congestion window un-necessarily
delay impairments for real-time traffic
limited bandwidth of wireless links