STOKE’s Theorem: (Relation between line and surface integrals)

If S is an open surface bounded by a closed

  curve C
(continuously differentiable vector point function)
=>
where is a unit external normal at any point of S.
i.e.,
•By  writing, , Stoke’s theorem may be reduced to the form,
•NOTE:
  Green’s theorem in a plane can be considered as a special case
of Stoke’s theorem.
Infact, if is a vector function which is continuously differentiable in a
region S of the xy-plane bounded by a closed curve C, then,

and
Hence Stoke’s theorem takes the form
which is Green’s theorem in a plane.
 Example: Verify Stoke’s theorem for taken around the rectangle bounded by the lines
 
.

•Solution:
  Let ABCD be the rectangle (shown in the figure)
 Along AB, and y varies from 0 to b.

Similarly,

Thus …………………………………(*)
•Now
 

…………………(**)
From (*) and (**), Stoke’s theorem is verified.
Example: Verify Stoke’s theorem for , where S is the upper half
 
surface of the sphere and C is its boundary.

•Solution:
  Let R be the projection of S on the xy-plane.
The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy-plane of radius one and center
at the origin.
Let x=cos t, y=sin t, z=0, .
Then

………(*)
•   Now,

=>

(where R is the projection of S on the xy-plane).

•But
 

……………………………….(**)

From (*) and (**), Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example: Using the Stoke’s theorem evaluate
where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0)
 and (0, 0, 6).

•Solution:
 

.
  Equation of the plane(triangle) through the given vertices is
=>
•Normal
  N to this plane is .
• 
Hence
,
(where S is the triangle)

.
Example: Apply Stoke’s theorem to evaluate where C is the curve
 of intersection of and .
•Solution:
  The curve is the circle on the plane , having (a, 0, 0) and (0, 0,
a) as the extremities of the diameter.
• 
Hence
,
where S is the circle and .

(ds
 Volume Integral

•Let
  F(R) be a continuous vector function and S be the surface enclosing a
region E.
Divide E into a finite number of sub-regions .
Let be the volume of the sub-region enclosing any point whose position
vector is
•of  F(R) over E.
i.e.,
Let and .
Gauss Divergence Theorem
(Relation between surface and Volume integrals)

•If  F is a continuously differentiable vector function in the region E

bounded by the closed surface S, then,
.Nds = , where N is the unit external normal vector.
.e., the surface integral of the normal component of a vector F taken
over a closed surface
If then by Gauss Divergence Theorem, we have,
+
Physical Significance of the Divergence Theorem:

Let v be the velocity of a moving fluid at any point.

• 
Volume of the fluid crossing the dS in seconds
= volume contained in cylinder of base dS and slant height
=

=> volume per second of fluid crossing dS =

Total volume per second of fluid emerging from surface S =
•   is the volume per second of fluid emerging from a volume
Now
element dV.

Hence, the total volume per second of fluid emerging from all volume
elements in S is

=>
Example: Verify divergence theorem for
  taken over the rectangular parallelepiped
•Solution:
 
.
• 

……………………………..(*)
• 
Now, .Nds =.Nds.Nds+…….+.Nds
(where are respectively the faces OAC’B, CB’PA’, OBA’C, AC’PB’, OCB’A
and BAP’C’)
• 
Similarly,
,
and

 
Thus ……………………….(**)

Equality in (*) and (**) implies the verification of the divergence

theorem.
Example:
 
Evaluate where and S is the surface of the cube bounded by

•Solution:
 
By the divergence theorem,
Example: Evaluate where and S is the surface bounding the region and
 
Solution:
•   divergence theorem,
By

(by taking )
Example:
 
Evaluate where S is the surface of the sphere in the first octant.

Solution:
• 
• The surface OABC is comprised of 4 surfaces, namely

• -> circular quadrant OBC in the yz-plane,

• -> circular quadrant OCA in the zx-plane,

• -> circular quadrant OAB in the xy-plane,

• S-> surface ABC of the sphere in the first octant.

• We have .
•   divergence theorem,
By
=.ds.ds+.ds +.ds ………………………….(*)

For the surface

Hence .
Hence (1) becomes
0 = .ds =>
Example: Evaluate where S is a closed surface.
 
•Solution:
  By the divergence theorem,

, where V is the volume enclosed by S.

Example: Prove that
 
•Solution:
  In the divergence theorem, let , where C is a constant.
Then
Since and
Hence

C is arbitrary =>
Example: Prove using the divergence theorem that
 
•Soluton:
  Let in the divergence theorem. Then

But
Thus
………………………(1)
•Interchanging
  and in (1),
…………………..(2)

Subtracting (2) from (1), we have