Hello!

Discussant:
JULIUS CEASAR
G. ASISTIN
MAED COMMUNICATION ARTS-
ENGLISH
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 What DO YOU
THINK , the LIGHT
BULB represent???

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CLASSICIM
17th – 18th C.
 ✣ CLASSICISM
“Age of Enlightenment /Reason”
Movement of artists and
writers derived from the forms
and principles of ancient Greece
and Rome. It was a political and
philosophical movement away
from overt religion and toward
reason and science.
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 Scientific The
Renaissance
Revolution Enlightenment
“Reason
i s th e lig
h
and show t that reveals hum
ed the w
ay of tru an error,
th.”

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 A period of intellectual exchange in Europe
during the 18th century that Belief in the idea
of “progress”, and a desire for political and
social change
The Age of Enlightenment
  Age of Reason
(18th century Enlightenment)

 Natural laws Rights to 

apply to Life,
government as Liberty, and
well as science! Property
 A FAIR society is based on

REASON, not “Divine

Right”

REVOLUTION!!!
 Philosophes

The intellectual of
enlightenment

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Philosophes

⨳ Advocated reason,
science, education to
build a stable and free
society

⨳ Concerned with
solutions to social
problems

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 *The philosophes were French social critics in the mid-
1700s.
*Paris becomes the center of the Enlightenment during
1700s.
Paris is home to “salons” – gatherings where thinkers
(philosophes) meet to discuss ideas.
*They valued reason, nature, happiness, progress, &
liberty.
*Some philosophes worked to bring attention to problems
in society.

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Thomas Paine
“To argue with a
person who is
renounced the
use of reason is
like
administering
medicine to the
dead.”
Voltaire

“Common
sense is not
so common”
Centers of the Enlightenment

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Belief, concept
& Ideas

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 Belief
Belief in the supremacy of reason over
pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect
society through the application of the intellect
to human affairs. Science takes its place for the
first time

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 Beliefs of the enlightenment
✣ Belief in Progress

⨳through reason a better society was

possible
⨳through progress we would continue to
expand our knowledge in the sciences

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 Beliefs of the enlightenment
✣ Secular Outlook
⨳more worldly view of life
⨳church is continuing to lose power
⨳questioning of all church beliefs

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 Beliefs of the enlightenment
✣ Importance Of the Individual
⨳ own ability to reason
⨳ importance of the individual in society

⨳ individual achievement

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Central concept
“Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own
understanding is therefore the motto of the
Enlightenment.”
-Immanuel Kant-

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Deism - God does not intervene
in the world through miracles;
he created the world, and then
removed himself from it.

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 Five Key Ideas of Enlightenment
The five important philosophical concepts;

1. Reason
2. Nature
3. Happiness
4. Progress
5. Liberty
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 Five Key Ideas of Enlightenment
The five important philosophical concepts;

1. Reason. absence of intolerance, bigotry or

prejudice in one’s thinking; beliefs should be
rational and free of biases

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“The individual who persecutes another
because he is not of the same opinion is
nothing less than a monster.”
-Voltaire-
 Five Key Ideas of Enlightenment
The five important philosophical concepts;

2. Nature. natural laws exist w/out man’s creation; what

was natural was good and reasonable; God is found in
nature.

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“If men’s minds were as easily controlled as
their tongues, every king would sit safely on
his throne, and government by compulsion
would cease.”
-Baruch Spinoza-
 Five Key Ideas of Enlightenment
The five important philosophical concepts;

3. Happiness. a person who lives by nature’s law finds

happiness; argued against medieval notion that people
should accept misery as part of life’s circle; Philosophes
believed in well-being on earth.

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 Five Key Ideas of Enlightenment
The five important philosophical concepts;

4. Progress. Philosophes believed individuals could seek

perfection and in return, society seek perfection; looked at
human being as capable of progress, making something
better

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 Five Key Ideas of Enlightenment
The five important philosophical concepts;

5. Liberty. freedoms should not be merely granted, but

expected; beliefs that we are born with liberties in nature.

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 Thomas hobbes
✣ Argued that people are cruel, greedy, and
selfish- as a result government (law)
protects people from each other

Place your screenshot here

✣ Without government, people would fight,
rob, and oppress one another

✣ Social Contract- an arrangement where

people give up their rights to be
protected by the government

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 John Locke
✣ Believed that people are basically moral
and reasonable. They want to do the right
thing.

✣ All people are born free & equal with three

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natural rights- life, liberty, and property

✣ Government exists at the consent of the

governed to protect their rights. If the
government fails to protect these rights, the
contract is broken and the people may
change or replace the government.
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 Montesquieu
✣ Criticized absolute monarchies—
admired Britain's limited monarchy and
said it protected people’s rights. “Tyranny:
✣ Believed having 3 branches in Place your screenshot here absolute
ruler
government would prevent tyranny abuses
✣ Having a separation of powers would power;
unfair and
prevent any one branch from gaining harsh rule”
too much power over the other two

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✣
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Believed that people were naturally
good, but were corrupted by society
✣ Unequal distribution of property was
an especially great evil of society “Man is born
✣ Stressed the importance of the free, yet
general will- the will of the people as
a whole everywhere
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✣ Believed the good of the community he is in

should be placed above individual chains.”
interests- common good
✣ Hated all forms of political and
economic oppression
✣ two

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 Mary Astell
⨳ Wrote A Serious Proposal to the
Ladies (1694)

⨳ Questioned the lack of Place your screenshot here

educational opportunities for

women

⨳ Criticized the unequal

relationship between men &
women in a marriage 33
 Marry Wollstonecraft

⨳Wrote A Vindication of the

Rights of
Women (1792) Place your screenshot here

⨳Women need education to

participate
equally in public life
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-John
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Locke-
Thank You!

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