Kathmandu,

Nepal

Waste Water
Treatment
Kathmandu, Nepal
 Kathmandu Valley currently has five municipal
wastewater treatment plants (WWTP):
Kathmandu, • An activated sludge plant at Guheshwori
•
Nepal •
Non-aerated lagoons at Kodku and Dhobighat
Aerated lagoons at Sallaghari and Hanumanghat.

• It has been estimated that only 27% of the population of Nepal has access to
sanitation (Human Development Report, 2003), while the average is 44% among
developing countries worldwide (UNICEF, 2003).
• Nepal’s per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is $240 US, and only 0.5% of this
(annually $1.20 US per capita) is spent on drinking water and sanitation (Human
Development Report, 2003).
Treatment Systems
Fig.1. Map of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Kathmandu Valley
1
Activated Sludge Treatment Process 2 Constructed Wetlands as an Alternative Technology
Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) introduced the use
In operation since January 2001, the wastewater treatment of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Nepal as an
plant at Guheshwori is the first activated sludge treatment alternative to conventional wastewater treatment technologies aiming to
plant in Nepal. produce a sustainable and feasible wastewater treatment system based on
Advantages of conventional activated sludge treatment the natural ecosystem
systems over some of the alternatives discussed below are a The first ENPHO-designed constructed wetland system with a two staged
relatively high removal rate of BOD and TSS and capacity to sub-surface flow was for Dhulikhel Hospital. Due to the success of the
treat a large amount of wastewater in a relatively small area. Dhulikhel Hospital system, four more sub-surface constructed wetland
systems have been built in and around Kathmandu in the past few years

2
 Panji

Solid Waste
Management
Panji
 • Panaji is capital of Goa and the headquarters of North Goa district.
• This city has a high floating population since it receives about a thousand international and
five thousand domestic tourists every day.

PANAJI Per capita waste generation

0.255 kgs
Organic waste
Non-biodegradable
27TPD(37%)
22.2TPD(17%)
Total quantity 72.2TPD

EXISTING SYSTEM: DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:

• Municipal solid waste is segregated in houses, • Sanitary workers involved have not been provided with
hotels, restaurants, commercial levels. appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)s
• Residential units and all the commercial • composting units is insufficient in numbers to process the bio-
establishments store their waste in a 2- bin degradable waste.
system i.e Biodegradable (wet waste) and Non- • land is scarce commodity and not available for setting up the
biodegradable (dry waste). required MSW facilities. A centralized MSW facility to be provided with
• hotels and restaurants are covered under 4-way dry • compositing units are difficult to manage and monitor in the city. the following facilities
waste segregation. • Crude disposal of Construction & demolition waste is happening
without any facility for disposal and resource recovery.  Waste-to-Energy plant based on bio-methantion &
• 60% of the residential are under 4-way
• Present workshop located at CCP is lacking in space for composting facility.
segregation of dry waste and stored in 240 litre
parking the vehicles  Electricity generated to be used for in-house plant
trolley bins.
• Un-scientific management of slaughter house waste operation.
• Bio-degradable waste is collected on daily basis.
with no proper arrangements for its safe disposal.  Reuse of mulched tree waste as structure
• Non-biodegradable
material in the compost plant.
waste from residential PROPOSED SYSTEM:  Storage and safe disposal of the E-waste.
units and commercial
establishments is • Design year of proposed ISWM system is 2040 of 100TPD capacity.
collected bi-weekly • 10 liter capacity bins of green colour for for bio-degradable waste and 20 liter capacity bin of black colour for for non-
basis. biodegradable waste.
• Non Bio-degradable waste from residential • Primary Storage of solid waste colletd at the Municipal Market to be done in 240 lites capacity trolley bins.
complexes covered under 4 way segregation and • Temporary storage of Construction & Demolition (C&D) Waste at Zone level.
hotels and restaurants is collected on daily basis and • At the Municipal Market, waste from 240 litre capacity trolley bins will be transferred directly into 8 cum capacity refuse
collecte to sorting centre located at St. Inez, Panaji. collector.
• • Hotels, restaurants and commercial areas, the Bio-degradable (wet) waste put in green polythelene bags and stored in
The non-recyclable waste is bailed to cement
companies in Karnataka and dumped at one the 240 liter capacity bins to be collected directly by 8 cum capacity.
• Bio-medical Waste to be sent at the Goa Medical college facilities for the final disposal in environmentally sound manner.
of the temporary site located in the city.