Lecture 24

SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE

INVERTER
Full bridge inverter with RL
load
•  , and , form pair of switches

• , and , are reverse recovery diodes P

P
S1 D1 S3 D3
𝑬
  𝑫𝑪
C1 S1 D1

𝟐
𝑬  𝑫𝑪 O
RL Load
A
𝑬
  𝑫𝑪 O
RL Load
A
S4 D4 S2 D2
𝑬
  𝑫𝑪 C2 S2 D2

𝟐
N
N

Single Phase Half Bridge Voltage source Inverter

Single Phase Full Bridge Voltage source Inverter
Full bridge inverter with RL P

load
S1
 𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡
•Mode
  1: ( )
RL Load
Q
• Switches and are turned ON at  ─
S2
• Output voltage:
• Load current peaks at
• Switches and are turned OFF at
• Load voltage and load current have same polarity N
• Energy is stored by the load
Full bridge inverter with RL P

load
•Mode
  2: ( ) D3

R Load
O A
• All Switches are OFF during this interval
 ─ 𝑬 𝑫𝑪 + ¿
• Diodes and become forward biased D4

• Output voltage:
• Stored energy in the load during Mode is fed back
to source N
Full bridge inverter with RL P

load S3

•Mode
  3: ( )
R Load
Q

• Switches and are turned ON S4

 ─ 𝑬 𝑫𝑪 + ¿
• Output voltage:
• Load current decays, becomes negative and reaches at
negative peak value at N
Full bridge inverter with RL
load P

• 
Mode 4: ( )
D1

• All Switches are OFF during this interval

R Load
• Diodes and become forward biased Q
• Output voltage: ─  D2
• Stored energy in the load during Mode is fed back to
source

N
  𝑰 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌
Voltage and current
waveforms with RL
load
 
RMS value of
fundamental frequency
component

Inverter Switch rating

• Voltage rating :
• Current rating:
Full bridge inverter with R
load
•  , and , form pair of switches

• , and , are reverse recovery diodes

P

S1 D1 S3 D3

R Load
Q

S2 D2 S4 D4

N
Full bridge inverter with R load (Square wave
output)
State S1 S2 S3 S4 Output Voltage

1 ON OFF OFF ON +

2 OFF ON ON OFF -

 ON
 𝑬 𝑫𝑪 S1 D1 S3 D3

R Load
 𝑬 𝑫𝑪 Q

S2 D2 S4 D4

−
  𝑬 𝑫𝑪 N
 ON
Full bridge inverter with R load (Square wave output)
P

•Mode
  1: ( )
S1 D1

─ 
• Switches and are turned ON at R Load
• Output voltage:  𝑬 𝑫𝑪 Q

• Load current peaks at S4 D4

• Switches and are turned OFF at

• Load voltage and load current have
same polarity N

+𝑬
  𝑫𝑪

−  𝑬 𝑫𝑪

 
 
 
Full bridge inverter with R load (Square P
wave output)
S3

•Mode
  2: ( ) + 
• Switches and are turned ON at R Load
Q
• Output voltage:
• Load current peaks at S2

• Switches and are turned OFF at

• Load voltage and load current have
same polarity N

+𝑬
  𝑫𝑪

−  𝑬 𝑫𝑪

 
 
 
Full bridge inverter with R load (Step wave
output)
State S1 S2 S3 S4 Output Voltage

1 ON OFF OFF ON +

2 OFF OFF OFF OFF 0

3 OFF ON ON OFF -

4 OFF OFF OFF OFF 0

P

+𝑬
  𝑫𝑪
𝑽
  𝒐𝒖𝒕
S1 D1 S3 D3

  𝒕𝟑
R Load
𝒕  𝟐  𝑬 𝑫𝑪 Q

S2 D2 S4 D4
𝒕  𝟎 𝒕  𝟏
𝒕  𝟒
−  𝑬 𝑫𝑪 N
Full bridge inverter with R load (Step wave output)
P

•Mode
  1: ( )
• Switches and are turned ON at S1 D1

• Output voltage:
• Load current peaks at R Load
Q
• Switches and are turned OFF at ─ 
• Load voltage and load current have S4 D4

same polarity
+𝑬
  𝑫𝑪
𝑽
  𝒐𝒖𝒕 N
  𝒕𝟑
𝒕  𝟐
𝒕  𝟎 𝒕  𝟏

−  𝑬 𝑫𝑪
Full bridge inverter with R load (Step wave output)
•Mode
  2: ( ) P
• All switches and diodes are off
• Voltage across load is zero
• Current through load is zero
+𝑬
 
𝑫𝑪
R Load
Q

𝑽 𝒐𝒖𝒕
 
  𝒕𝟑
𝒕𝟐
 
N
𝒕𝟎
   𝒕𝟏  𝒕 𝟒

−
  𝑬
𝑫𝑪
Full bridge inverter with R load (Step P

wave output) S3

+ 
•Mode
  3: ( ) R Load
Q

• Switches and are turned ON at S2

• Output voltage:
• Load current peaks at N
• Switches and are turned OFF at +𝑬
 
𝑫𝑪
• Load voltage and load current have
same polarity 𝑽 𝒐𝒖𝒕
 
  𝒕𝟑
𝒕𝟐
 

𝒕𝟎
  𝒕𝟏
 
 𝒕 𝟒

−
  𝑬
𝑫𝑪
Full bridge inverter with R load (Step wave output)
•Mode
  4: ( ) P
• All switches and diodes are off
• Voltage across load is zero
• Current through load is zero
R Load
Q
+𝑬
 
𝑫𝑪
𝑽 𝒐𝒖𝒕
 
  𝒕𝟑
𝒕𝟐
  N

𝒕𝟎
  𝒕𝟏
 
 𝒕 𝟒

−
  𝑬
𝑫𝑪
Harmonic Analysis of the Output Voltage
Waveform
• The output voltage waveform of the inverter is a square wave (non-sinusoidal)
• A 50 Hz periodic waveform
• harmonic content can be found using Fourier series

• Harmonic amplitudes
decrease as n increases
• No even harmonics
• Nearest harmonic is
the third harmonic
• 3rd harmonic is 150 Hz
• 5th harmonic 250 Hz
Total harmonic Distortion (THD)
• THD is the ratio of rms values of all harmonic components to the rms value of
fundamental component

• THD is very important factor that indicates the amount of distortion in the waveform
caused by the harmonic components.
• It is also represents the measure of closeness of the waveform to pure sine wave.

where V is the rms value of the output waveform.

V1 is the rms value of the fundamental component
A single-phase inverter has a supply d.c. voltage of 100V supplying a resistive
load with R =10 Ω The output frequency is 50 Hz.
Determine the rms value of the output voltage waveform.
Calculate THD
t

• This is very high THD , the practical value of THD is about (3-10)%
• A low-pass filter at the output is required to filter out most of the undesirable
harmonic component and to produce nearly sinusoidal output waveform.