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Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation 1
Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation 1
Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation 1
ec t r a n d
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T Srinivasa Rao Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation (EC-315) 1
EC-315 Electronic measurement and
Instrumentation
UNIT - I
T Srinivasa Rao
Dept. of ECE
Bapatla Engineering College
Objective of course
• To provide students with a fundamental
understanding of the concepts, principles,
procedures, and computations used by engineers
and technologists to analyze, select, specify, design,
and maintain modern instrumentation and control
systems
• Definitions
• Accuracy and Precision
• Significant Figures
• Types of Error
• Statistical Analysis
• Probability of Errors
• Probable Error
• Limiting Errors
• Systems of Units of Measurement
• Standards of Measurement
• Average deviation D
d1 d 2 d 3 ... d n
d
n n
• Standard deviation
d 12 d 22 d 32 ... d n2
d i
2
n n
number of data n 1 n 1
0.6745 0.5000
1.0 0.6828
2.0 0.9546
3.0 0.9972
• Torque deflection : T B A I N
• The practical coil area generally ranges from approximately 0.5 to 2.5 cm 2
• Flux densities for modern instruments usually range from 1,500 to 5,000
gauss (0.15 to 0.5 Wb/m2)
deflection
• Megohm sensitivity may be defined as the number of
megohms required in series with the (CDRX shunted) d mm
SR SI
galvanometer to produce one scale division deflection I A
when 1 V is applied to the circuit
• Ballistic sensitivity and is defined as the ratio of the
maximum deflection, dm, of a galvanometer to the d m mm
SQ
quantity Q of electric charge in a single pulse which Q C
produces this deflection.
I m Rm
Rs
I Im
V I m Rm V
Rs Rm
Im Im
• Voltmeter sensitivity :
1
S
I fsd V
• Certain disadvantage : when the battery is old, the full-scale current drops and the
meter does not read "0" when A and B are shorted
• The design can be approach by recognizing that, if introducing Rh reduces the
1
meter current to 2
I fsd
I fsd R m R h
R1 R h
E
will be E
I fsd
R1 R m
Rx R p
• Potentiometer method of
calibrating a dc ammeter ---
• Potentiometer method of
calibrating a dc voltmeter ---
DC & AC Bridges
CONTENTS
Introduction
Wheatstone bridge
Kelvin bridge
Maxwell
Hay
Schering
Wein bridges
Wagner ground connection
Comparison bridges
R1RX = R2R3
R1 R3 R2 R4
• The Thevenin resistance : RTH
R1 R3 R 2 R 4
ETH
• The galvanometer current : Ig
RTH R g
Z1Z 4 Z 2 Z 3
1 4 2 3
L x R 2 R 3 C1
R1
C x C3
R2
• Dissipation factor :
D R1C1
1
f
2RC