VIRAL DISEASES

Presented by
EMAD M. A. SAMARA, BVM&S
 I- Foot and Mouth Disease
• AKA (FMD, Aftosa)
• Causative agent (Virus; Picornaviridae)
• History (1921-29,1953,1967-68, 1981, 1993-97,and 2001)
• Public Health Significance (not a public health concern; 40
cases since 1921)

• Species Affected (Domestic Cloven-Footed animals)

• Animal Transmission (Direct and indirect contact)
• Morbidity/ Mortality (100% / 1%; Higher in young animals)

• Economic Impact (Direct and indirect costs, Economically

Devastating)
 I- Foot and Mouth Disease
• Diagnosis (Clinical Signs, Laboratory Tests)
• Clinical Signs
– In Cattle (Fever, Vesicles and Erosions on “feet, mouth, nares, muzzle,
teats, hoof”, Excess salivation, Serous nasal discharge, Abortion, Death in
young animals)
– In sheep and goat (Mild, Fever, Oral lesions, Lameness)
• Post Mortem Lesions (indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases,
Single or multiple vesicles, Dry Erosions, Tiger heart)

• Treatment (No treatment available, Supportive and symptomatic,

Vaccine available)
• Prevention and Control (Import restrictions, Confirmatory diagnosis,
Authorities Notification, Quarantine, Disinfection, Vaccination)
 II- Rinderpest
• AKA (RPV, Cattle Plague)
• Causative agent (Virus; Paramyxoviridae)
• History (1184 BC, 1762, 1885, 1960’s,and 1992)
• Public Health Significance (not a public health concern)

• Species Affected (Domestic Cloven-Footed Animals)

• Animal Transmission (Direct and indirect contact)
• Mortality (100%; Susceptible stock are immature or
young adults)

• Economic Impact (Direct and indirect costs, Destroys

entire populations of cattle)
 II- Rinderpest
• Clinical Signs (Four forms)
– Classic form (Fever, depression, anorexia, Constipation followed by
hemorrhagic diarrhea, Serous to mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge, Necrosis
and erosion of the oral mucosa, Enlarged lymph nodes, Death in 6-12 days)
– Peracute form (Young animals, high fever with congested mucous membranes,
death in 2-3 days)
– Subacute form (Mild clinical signs with low mortality)
– Atypical form (Irregular fever, mild or no diarrhea, Immunosuppression leading
to secondary infections)

• Post Mortem Lesions

– Esophagus (Brown and necrotic foci)
– Omasum, Abomasum, Small intestine and cecum ( Tiger striping; Necrosis,
edema and congestion )
– Lymph nodes (Swollen and edematous)
– Gall Bladder ( Hemorrhagic mucosa)
– Lungs (Emphysema, congestion, and areas of pneumonia)
 II- Rinderpest
• Treatment (No treatment available, Diagnosis
usually means slaughter of effected animals,
Supportive care with antibiotics in rare cases of
valuable animals, Preventative measures are the
keys)

• Prevention and Control (Confirmatory

diagnosis, Authorities Notification, Quarantine,
Disinfection, Vaccination)
 III- Peste des Petits Ruminants
• AKA (Pest of Small Ruminants, Stomatitis-Pneumoenteritis
Syndrome, Pseudorinderpest, Contagious Pustular Stomatitis, Kata)
• Causative agent (Virus; Paramyxoviridae)
• History (1942, 1972, and 1990’s)
• Public Health Significance (not a public health concern)

• Species Affected (Principally goats and sheep, reported in captive

wild ungulates, Cattle and pigs seroconvert but do not transmit
disease)
• Animal Transmission (Direct and indirect contact)
• Morbidity/ Mortality (80-90% / 50-80%, can be up to 100%; More
severe in young animals, poor nutrition, concurrent parasitic
infections; Goats more susceptible than sheep)

• Economic Impact (Direct and indirect costs)

 III- Peste des Petits Ruminants
• Diagnosis (Clinical Signs, Laboratory Tests)
• Clinical Signs (Acute fever, Anorexia, Upper respiratory
discharge progressing to catarrhal exudate, Dyspnea Profuse
diarrhea, Dehydration, Emaciation, Abortion and Death in 5-10
days)
• Post Mortem Lesions (Similar to Rinderpest; Carcass
emaciation, Bronchopneumonia, “Zebra stripe” lesions of
congestion in large intestine, Enlarged lymph nodes)

• Treatment (No specific treatment, Drugs to control bacterial

and parasitic complications may decrease mortality, Supportive
care)
• Prevention and Control (Import restrictions, Confirmatory
diagnosis, Authorities Notification, Quarantine, Disinfection,
Vaccination)
 IV- Malignant Catarrhal Fever
• AKA (Malignant Head Catarrh, Gangrenous Coryza,
Snotsiekte)
• Causative agent (Virus; Gamma-herpesviridae)
• History (1920’s, 1973, and 2002)
• Public Health Significance (not a public health concern)

• Species Affected (Domestic and wild Cloven-Footed Animals)

• Animal Transmission (Direct and indirect contact; Some
species ”Dead end hosts” )
• Morbidity/ Mortality (30-40% / 1-100 %; depend on the host;
Survival is rare; carrier species asymptomatic)

• Economic Impact (Direct and indirect costs; Variable)

 IV- Malignant Catarrhal Fever
• Clinical Signs (Five forms)
– Acute form (High fever, Dyspnea, D.I.C., and Sudden death)
– Head and eye form (Bilateral corneal opacity, Crusty muzzle
and nares, Nasal discharge, Salivation, Erosions on the
tongue and buccal mucosa)
– Intestinal form (Inappetence, Dysphagia, Severe diarrhea)
– Nervous form (Depression, Incoordination, head pressing,
nystagmus, hyperesthesia)
– Mild form (Inoculated animals recover)

• Post Mortem Lesions (Erosions on the tongue and soft and

hard palate, Multiple erosions of intestinal epithelium, Enlarged
lymph node, Diptheritic areas in the larynx, Edematous urinary
bladder mucosa )
 IV- Malignant Catarrhal Fever

• Treatment (Supportive therapy, antibiotics for

secondary bacterial infection, Recovered
animals will remain virus carriers)

• Prevention and Control (Confirmatory

diagnosis, Authorities Notification, Quarantine,
Disinfection, No vaccine available)
 V- Rift Valley Fever
• Causative agent (Virus; Bunyaviridae)
• History (1900’s, 1930, 1950-51, 1977-78, 1987, 1997-98, 2000-
01, and 2003)
• Public Health Significance (a public health concern; cause Flu-
like illness, Retinopathy, Hemorrhagic fever, and Encephalitis;
mortality ~1%, Treatment is supportive care)

• Species Affected (Domestic and wild Cloven-Footed Animals,

pet animals)
• Animal Transmission (Direct and indirect contact; ”Dead end
hosts” in human)
• Morbidity/ Mortality (100% / 10 -100%, More severe in young
animals “week vs. over week” )

• Economic Impact (Direct and indirect costs)

 V- Rift Valley Fever
• Clinical Signs (High fever, Listless, Anorexia, ptyalism, High
rate of abortion, Fetid diarrhea, Icterus, Mucopurulent nasal
discharge, Acute death )
• Post Mortem Lesions (Necrosis and Petechial hemorrhages
in Hepatic, abomasum and peritoneal cavity; yellow, enlarged,
friable Liver; aborted fetuses)

• Treatment (No specific treatment, Drugs to control bacterial

and parasitic complications, Supportive care Preventative
measures are keys)

• Prevention and Control (Immunization of ruminants, Avoid

and control vectors, Personal protective equipment, Avoid
contact with infected tissues and blood, Restrict movement of
animals, Precautions when traveling)
 VI- Bluetongue Virus
• AKA (Sore Muzzle, Pseudo Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Muzzle
Disease)
• Causative agent (Virus; Reoviridae)
• History (1997-2002)
• Public Health Significance (Not a significant threat to
humans; One human infection documented, Reasonable
precautions should be taken, Treatment is supportive care)

• Species Affected (Domestic and wild Cloven-Footed Animals)

• Animal Transmission (Direct and indirect contact )
• Morbidity/ Mortality (100% / 0-50% in Domestic Animals, and
80-90% in wild Animals)

• Economic Impact (Direct and indirect costs; Variable)

 VI- Bluetongue Virus
• Diagnosis (Clinical Signs, Laboratory Tests)
• Clinical Signs (Fever, depression, salivation, Facial swelling,
Oral erosions and ulcerations, Swollen, protuding, and
Cyanotic Tongue “Blue-tongue”, Dyspnea, Panting, Nasal
discharge, Hyperemia of muzzle, lips, ears, lameness
“Coronitis”, abortion, “dummy” lambs)

• Post Mortem Lesions (Edematous face and ears, Dry, crusty

exudate on nostrils, Vesicles, ulcers, necrosis in Mouth,
Hyperemic coronary bands, Internal hemorrhaging,
Hydranencephaly, cerebellar dysplasia)

• Treatment (No specific treatment, Supportive care)

• Prevention and Control (Control of vectors, Confirmatory
diagnosis, Authorities Notification, Quarantine, Disinfection, )
 VII- Viral Encephalitis
• Types (Western equine encephalitis (WEE), Eastern equine
encephalitis (EEE), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), La Crosse
encephalitis (LAC), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), West
Nile virus (WNV)
• Causative agent (Virus; Flaviviridae)
• History (1925 -2000, and 2003-04)
• Public Health Significance (a public health concern; 1964-2002,
182 cases; cause Flu-like illness, Sudden fever, headache,
myalgia, malaise, encephalitis, Death, mortality ~ 0.1%)

• Species Affected (Equine species; and other animals)

• Animal Transmission (indirect contact; Dead end hosts; equine
and human )
• Case-fatality rates (Equine: 90%, Human: 30-70%, other
Variable)
 VII- Viral Encephalitis
• Diagnosis (Clinical Signs, Laboratory Tests)
• Clinical Signs
– Neurological (Paralysis of lips, facial muscles, tongue;
Dysphagia; Hyperesthesia; Sound sensitive;
torticollis; nystagmus; Seizures; Blindness; Ataxia)
– Other (Flu-like signs, Fever, Depression, Anorexia,
Muscle spasm, Skin twitching, Weakness, and
recumbency)

• Post Mortem Lesions (Mild to moderate, diffuse, and

non-suppurative meningoencephalitis; myocarditis)
 VII- Viral Encephalitis

• Treatment (No specific treatment, Supportive care,

Fully licensed vaccine)

• Prevention and Control (Vector Management

“Surveillance, Source reduction, Personal protection,
Biological control, Larvicide, and Adulticide”;
Confirmatory diagnosis, Authorities Notification,
Quarantine, Disinfection, Vaccination)
 VIII- Other Important Dz
• Bovine Viral Diarrhea
• Maedi-Visna
• African Horse Sickness
• Vesicular Stomatitis
• Lumpy Skin Disease
• Sheep and Goat Pox
• Haemorrhagic Fever Disease
The End