VIP’s IN PHOTOGRAPHY

DEPTH OF FIELD

The zone of acceptable sharpness or the area

or zone of a photograph, from front to back, which
is in focus or the range of distance in a scene that
appears to be in focus and will be reproduced as
being acceptably sharp in an image depth of field
could be shallow or greater.
A B
Depth of field - the distance in front of and behind a
sharply focused subject in which other things also
appear in focus, is greater when the lens aperture is
smaller. In a scene of great depth the use of an
aperture of f2, for instance, allows either foreground
subjects, as pictured here, or background subjects to
be brought into focus, but not both.
DEPTH OF FOCUS

A zone of focus in the camera. If an image is

focused on a ground glass screen in a camera,
depth of focus makes it possible to move the
screen slightly backward and forward and still
have the image in acceptable focus.
FOCAL LENGTH

Refers to the distance between the focal point

of a lens and the film plane when the lens is
focused at infinity. It is used to designate the
relative size and angle of view of a lens, expressed
in millimeters (mm). A particular lens’ focal
length can generally be found engraved or printed
on the front of the lens.
FOCAL POINT

The central or principal point of focus. The

optical center of a lens when it is focused at
infinity.
HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE

Is the distance between the camera and the

hyper focal point. In practice, hyper focal
distance is a lens setting technique that allows
you to shoot sharp pictures within a certain
distance without having to refocus. When the
lens is focused on infinity, the hyper focal
distance is the distance of the nearest object in a
scene that is acceptably sharp.
HYPERFOCAL POINT

When the lens is focused on infinity, the

nearest point to the camera that is acceptably
sharp is the hyper focal point. By focusing on the
hyper focal point, everything beyond it to infinity
remains in acceptable focus
LENS
DEFINITIONS OF LENS:
1.A transparent material that has two opposite
symmetrical surfaces.
2.Any transparent device for concentrating or
dispersing radiation by diffraction.
3.A lens is a piece of glass, plastic or any
transparent substance bounded by two
surfaces of different curvature, generally
spherical, or by one spherical or curved, and
one plane surface, by which rays of light maybe
made to converge or diverge.
CAMERA LENSES CAN BE USED TO CONTROL
THE:

◦ Amount of light that reaches the film.

◦ Magnification of the image.
◦ Lastly, area of the image to be recorded on the
film.
TYPES OF LENS:

CONCAVE – Lens that posses at least one

surface that curves inward. It is a diverging lens,
spreading out those light rays that have been
refracted to it. Concave lens is thicker at the
edges than they are at the center. Light rays
passing through a diverging lens are bent
outward. Diverging lens form only virtual image.
TYPES OF LENS:

CONVEX – A lens that gathers light and refract

them to meet at the certain point. A convex lens
is thicker in the middle than at the edges. A
convex lens causes light rays to converge, or
come together, and is called a positive lens. A
positive lens focuses light form a distant source
into visible image that appears on then opposite
side of the lens to the object.
TYPES OF LENSES
 TYPES OF LENS ACCORDING TO ITS FOCAL
LENGTH

Focal lengths are usually specified in millimeters

(mm), but older lenses marked in centimeters
(cm) and inches are still be found.
1. NORMAL LENS – Lens with a focal length
approximately equal to the diagonal of the film
format. A scene viewed through a normal lens
appears to have the same perspective as if it was
viewed normally without a lens, just the way
your eyes sees it. They work without reduction or
magnification and create images the way we see
the scene with our naked eyes. Most 35mm
cameras’ normal lenses have a focal length of
approximately 50mm.
2. Wide-angle Lens – A lens with an angle of view that
is wider than that of a normal lens, or that of a
human eye. A wide-angle lens has a focal length
which is less than the diagonal of the film format.
Angle of view is wider than 60 degrees and focal length
is shorter than normal.
A 24mm lens is a WIDE-ANGLE LENS

3. Ultra-wide Angle Lens – generally refers to camera

lenses with focal lengths shorter than 24mm.
4. Fish-eye Lens – Describes an extreme wide-
angle lens that has an angle of view exceeding 100
degrees and sometimes more than 180 degrees
and that renders a scene that is highly distorted.
5. Telephoto Lens – a lens with a narrow angle of
view, or a longer than normal focal length, the
ability to magnify images, and exhibiting relatively
shallow depth of field.
Examples of 35mm camera telephoto lens include
85mm, 400mm and 600mm lenses.
6. Macro Lens – A lens with the ability to focus
from infinity to extremely closely, allowing it to
capture images of tiny objects in frame-filling,
larger than life sizes. Sometimes called a close-up
lens. It has an angle of view narrower than 25
degrees and focal length longer than normal.
These lenses are used for close-ups.
8. Variable-focus Lens/Zoom Lens – one which
focal length is variable. Elements inside a variable
focus lens shift their positions, enabling the lens
to change its focal length – in effect providing one
lens that has many focal lengths .
TYPICAL FOCAL LENGTHS AND THEIR 35MM
FORMAT DESIGNATIONS
Kinds of Lens Focal Length

Super-wide Angle Lens Less than 20mm

Wide Angle Lens 24mm-35mm
Normal Lens 50mm
Telephoto Lens 80mm-300mm
Super Telephoto Lens Greater than 300mm
TYPES OF LENSES BASED ON LENS SPEED
 
Lens speed refers to the largest opening of the
diaphragm that the light can pass through it
determines the maximum intensity of the light
entering the light tight box.
FAST LENS – Lens with high lens speed, a high
lens speed is used during nighttime or in dark
room.
SLOW LENS – lens with low lens speed, used
during daytime or where the room is very bright.
TYPES OF LENS ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF
CORRECTION
1. Simple Meniscus Lens – lens usually found in
simple or box camera. It is uncorrected lens and
therefore suffers from inherent defects of lenses.
2. Rapid Rectilinear Lens – it is a combination of
two achromatic lenses with almost the same focal
length. This is corrected from some kinds of lens
defects but not on astigmatism
3. Anastigmatic Lens (A.K.A. Anastigmat) –A
lens designed to correct astigmatism. A lens which
is free from astigmatism and other types of lens
defects. It has the ability to focus a vertical and
horizontal lines at the same time.
4. Achromatic Lens (Achromat) – A lens which is
partly corrected for chromatic aberration. It is
designed to bring two wavelengths (typically red
and blue) into focus on the same plane.
5. Process Lens – A super-corrected lens for
astigmatism. It has a better color correction and
has the ability to produce the best definition of
image in the photographs.
6. Fixed-focus Lens – A lens used in all fixed-
focus camera. Basically it has a short focal length
and greater depth of field.
LENS DEFECTS
1. ABERRATION - Is the failure of light rays to
focus properly after they pass through a lens or
reflect from a mirror. The non-convergence of rays
of light, reflected or refracted, to one focus.
a. Chromatic Aberration - Is the failure of a lens to
focus all colors in the same plane. Because the
refractive index is least at the red end of the
spectrum, the focal length of a lens in air will be
greater for red and green than for blue and
violet.
b. Spherical Aberration - rays of light from a point
on the optical axis of a lens having spherical
surfaces do not all meet at the same image point.

Rays passing through the lens close to its center

are focused farther away than rays passing through
a circular zone near its rim.
2. ASTIGMATISM - is the defect in which the light
coming from an off-axis object point is spread
along the direction of the optic axis. It is the
failure of a lens to produce a point image of an
object point.
3. COMA - occurs when light falling obliquely on
the lens and passing through different circular
zones is brought to a focus at different distances
from the plane film. A spot of light appears to have
a tail, rather like a comet. In coma, the images
appear progressively elongated toward the edge of
the field of view. The term Coma was coined 1733
by French mathematician Alexis Clairaut ( 1713 –
1765 ).
4. CURVATURE OF FIELD – occurs when a
curved, concave, or saucer – shaped image of an
object which has a flat surface produced by simple
lens. In curvature, the images distance is different
for different points of the same object due to their
differing distance from the axis
5. DISTORTION - arises from a variation of
magnification with axial distance and is not
caused by a lack of sharpness in the image. When
there exists a different magnification for rays at
different angles distortion exists.
A. Barrel Distortion - present when straight lines
running parallel with the picture edges appear to
bow outward.
B. Pincushion Distortion - present when straight
lines running parallel with the picture edges
appear to bow inward.
Barrel Distortion
Pincushion Distortion
Wave Distortion
Wave Distortion
THE END