SOLID STATE

Presented By
Ch. Satya Srinivas,
Lecturer In Chemistry,
RIMS, Kakinada.
 Introduction

MATTER :

1. SOLID
2. LIQUID
3. GASES
Solids

Classification of Solids

1. Crystalline Solids
2. Amorphous Solids
Laws of Symmetry
1. Plane of Symmetry
2. Axis of Symmetry
3. Centre of Symmetry
Plane of Symmetry
Definition:
The Imaginary plane which can divide the crystal
into two half's such that one is the mirror image
of the other is called plane of symmetry

Classification:

1. Rectangular Plane of symmetry

2. Diagonal Plane of symmetry
Rectangular Plane of Symmetry
These are the plane situated midway and parallel to the
opposite faces.

A cubic crystal consists of six faces i.e. Three Pairs of

Opposite faces, it has three rectangular plane of
symmetry as shown in figure
Diagonal Plane of Symmetry
These are the planes touching the opposite edges as they
lie on the diagonal of Opposite faces these are also
termed as diagonal plane of symmetry
Since there are 12 edges of six pairs of opposite edges in a
cubic crystal as much as six diagonal planes of
symmetry are possible in a cubic crystal.
A Cubic Crystal Contains
3 Rectangular Planes of Symmetry

6 Diagonal Planes of Symmetry

Total Planes of symmetry in a cubic crystal is 3 + 6 = 9

Axis or Line of Symmetry:
The Imaginary Line about which the crystal may be
rotated so that it presents same appearance more than
once in a complete rotation through 360o is called axis
of symmetry

Four axis of symmetries are there

1. Four Fold Axis

2. Three Fold Axis
3. Two Fold Axis
4. Six Fold Axis
Four Fold Axis
Imagine a line passing through the centre of two
opposite faces of a cube on rotating the cube about
this line as axis the identical appearance of the cube
occurs four times during the course of rotation
through 360o such an axis is said to be an axis of four
fold symmetry or a tetrad axis.
There are six faces or three pairs of opposite faces in a
cubic crystal, 3 Such axes at right angles to each other
are possible
Three Fold Axes:
Imagine a line passing through the opposite corners of a
cube along the body diagonal on rotating the cube
about this line as axis, the identical appearance of a
cube occurs three times during the course of rotating
through 360 such axis is said to be an axis of three fold
symmetry
There are eight corners or four such body diagonally
opposite pairs of corners in a cubic crystal 4 such axis
are possible.
Two Fold Axes:
Imagine a line passing through the centre of the two
diagonally opposite edges of a cube on rotating the
cube about this line as axis the identical appearance of
the cube occurs two times during the course of
rotating through 360 such axis is said to be an axis of
two fold symmetry
There are 12 edges or six such diagonally opposite pairs
of edges in a cubic crystal 6 such axis are possible
Centre of Symmetry:
It is such a point in the crystal that any line drawn
through it intersects the surface of the crystal at equal
distances on either side
Centre of symmetry which lies at the centre of the cube.
Plane of Symmetry 09
Rectangular Plane of Symmetry 03
Diagonal Plane of Symmetry 06

Axis of Symmetry 13
Four Fold Axis 03
Three fold Axis 04
Two Fold Axis 06

Centre of Symmetry 01

Total Number of Elements of symmetry 23

Space Lattice
The regular arrangement of an infinite set of points in
space is called a lattice or space lattice

Space lattice with reference to crystal may be defined as

an array of points showing the arrangement of
constituents in three dimensional spaces
Unit Cell:
The smallest repeating pattern from which the lattice is
built is known as a unit cell or the unit cell is the smallest
samples that represents the picture of the entire crystals.

There are different types of unit cell basing on the shapes

they are

1. Simple or Primitive
2. Face Centered
3. Body Centered
4. End Face Centered
Simple or Primitives
In this type points [i.e. atoms or
Molecules or ions] are present only
at the corners of the unit cell

Face Centered
In this type points are present
at the corners as well as at the
centre of the each of the six faces
Body Centered
In this type points are present at
The corners as well as at the centre of
The unit cell

End Face Centered:

In this type points are present at
The corners as well as the centre of
The two ends
Lattice Points
The points representing the atoms or ions or molecules in a
unit cell are known as lattice points

Lattice points are three kinds

1. Points located at the corners of unit cell [It is shared

between eight such unit cells thus only 1/8th shared part of
each such point contributes to any one cell]
2. Points located at the centre of face in unit cell [It is
shared between two such cells only ½ of each such points
contributes to any one cell]
3. Points located at the centre of the unit cell
Seven Basic Crystal Systems:
There are seven basic crystals systems from the
symmetry point of view they are

1. Cubic Crystal
2. Tetragonal Crystal
3. Orthorhombic Crystal
4. Mono Clinic
5. Tri Clinic
6. Hexagonal
7. Rhombohedra or Trigonal