Names: ABDULLAH, DANISH AHMED,

M AREEB HUSSSAIN, ABRAR

Roll no: 19/F-IN-03, 31, 59,69
Presentation on: Pressure Chapter 05
Subject: Instrumentation
Teacher: Sir Eng. Dr Shahzada Umair
PRESSUR
E
 Pressureis defined as force
acting per unit area.
 Units o f pressure

The SI unit of pressure is thus Newton per Square metre (N/m2),

which is also called the Pascal(Pa).
1N/m2=1 Pa
Other units include mmHg,cmHg and atmosphere(atm).
 PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS
Exp 4.1: to show variation of pressure in liquid

Observation: the lower hole,A,throws water farthest,followed by B

and lastly C.
Conclusion : Pressure of water at A is greater than pressure at
B and Pressure at B is bigger than at C.
So,Pressure increases with depth.
 Liquid levels

This show that the liquid flows to find its own

level.
Pressure in liquid is equal at all points at the
same level.
Liquid levels i n a U-
tube
When water is poured into a U-tube, it will flow
into the other arm.The water will setle in the
tube with the levels on both arms being the
same,see in fig 4.5(a)
 When one arm of the U tube is blown into with
the mouth, the level moves downwards,while on
the arm other arm it rises, see in figure 4.5(b).
This caused by the pressure difference between
the two arms.
In summary :
(i)pressure in a liquid increases with
depth below its surface.
(ii) pressure in a liquid at a particular depth is
the same in all directions.
(iii)pressure in a liquid increases with
the density of the liquid.
Fluid Pressure
Formula

If A is the cross-section area of the column, h

is the height of the column and p the density of
the liquid, then;
Volum of the liquid=cross-section area x
e height
=A x
h
 Mass of the liquid=volume of the liquid x
density
=Axhxp
So,weight of the liquid=mass of the
liquid x gravity
=A x h x p x g
From the definition of pressure,

P=h x p x g
 P=h x p x g
From the formula , it can be seen that the
pressure due to a liquid column is directly
proportional to:
(i) height h of the column.
(ii) the density p of the liquid.
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
There is an envelope of air that surrounds the
earth. We call it the atmosphere. The
atmosphere is bound to the earth by the
gravitational attraction of the earth.
This atmosphere of air around us produces
pressure at ground level or other levels due to
the weight of the air above that level.
Simple demonstrations of Air
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure acts in all directions.
(a)Take a little water in a tin and boil the
water to drive the air out of it. Cork the tin
tightly and then cool it by pouring water on it.
What happens?
 When the air inside the tin is driven out,the
atmospheric pressure outside is not
counterbalanced by the pressure inside(when
the steam cools , a partial vacuum is created
inside). The tin collapses.
You can understand now why an open empty
tin does not get squashed with the atmosphere
pressing on the outside.
 (b) Fill glass or lipless beaker with water to
the brim and slide a paper card over the
top.Take care not to leave any air bubble in
water. Invert the glass. What happens?
The card is held in position by the atmospheric
pressure pushing upwards on the card and the
water does not fall out. The upward atmospheric
pressure is greater than the downward force due
to water.
 A more convenient method is to use a
glass tube sealed at one end ,as in fig 4.18(a)
 İf mercury , which is much denser than water
is used, the column supported is found to be
much shorter,see figure 4.18(b). At sea level ,
the atmospheric pressure supports
approximately 76 cm of mercury column
or approximately 10 m of water column.
MEASUREMENT OF
PRESSURE
U-tube Manometer
A manometer is an instrument that can
measure fluid pressure. It consists of a U-tube
filled with water or any other suitable liquid,see
figure 4.19
 Due to pressure of the gas Pg,
The water level in the aother limb rises to, say,Y.
This difference in water levels is the difference between
gas pressure Pg and the atmospheric pressure Pa.
Since X and Z are at the same horizontal level ,pressure
at X equals pressure at Z.Pressure at X is pressure of gas
Pg.
Pressure at Z=atmospheric pressure+pressure due to
the column of water
Therefore ,Pg=Pa+hpg
Mercury
Barometer
It has been shown that atmospheric pressure
supports a liquid column in a tube. When this
arrangement is used to measure pressure, it is
called a barometer.
At sea level, acolumn of mercury and water
supported by atmospheric pressure is
approximately 76 cm.
 The height h of the column is a measure of the
atmospheric pressure. At sea level , h=76cmHg.
Since density p of mercury is 13600 kg/m3;

This is the Standard atmospheric pressure ,

and is sometimes referred to as one
atmosphere.
Testing the vacuum in a
Barometer
If the barometer has air at the top, it will be
faulty.
If the mercury column is tilted, the mercury
from the dish flows to the tube and completely
fills it.
 If there was air,the mercury would not fill the
tube completely. This shows that space above
the mercury in the tube is a vacuum.
The space above the mercury in the tube when
upright is called Toricellian vacuum and
contains a little mercury vapour.
Fortin
Barometer
The simple mercury barometer cannot be used
for accurate measurements of atmospheric
pressure. An improved version called the Fortin
barometer is used where high precision is
required.
Pressure
Gauges
Pressure gauges are portable anda re used
mostly for measuring gas pressure,tyre
pressure,pressure of compressed air in
compressors and steam pressure.
Hydraulic
Machines
Pascal’s Principle enables a small force to be
multiplied into a large force. This principle of
transmission of pressure in liquids is made use
of in hydraulic machines.
Hydraulic L i f t

When a force is applied on piston S,the

pressure exerted by the force is transmitted
throughout the liquid to piston L,see figure 4.12.
 The pressure P1 exerted on the liquid by the
piston S due to F1 is given by;
 This pressure will be transmitted by the liquid
to the larger piston L.
So, the force F2 produced on the large piston
is
given by;

Note:Hydraulic lifts are used for hoisting cars in garages.

Hydraulic Brake
System
The force applied on the foot pedal exerts pressure on
the master cylinder. The pressure is transmitted by the
brake fluid to the slave cylinder. This causes the pistons of
the slave cylinder to open the brake shoe and hence the
brake lining presses the drum. The rotation of the Wheel is
thus resisted.
 When the force on the foot pedal is withdrawn, the
return spring pulls back the brake shoe which then pushes
the slave cylinder piston back.
The advantage of this system is that the pressure
exerted in master cylinder is transmitted equally to all the
four Wheel cylinders. So the braking force obtained is
uniform.

Brake fluid should have the following properties:

• Be incompressible
• Have low freezing point and high boiling point
• Should not corrode the parts of the brake system
APPLICATIONS OF
PRESSURE IN GASES AND
LIQUIDS
THE BICYCLE PUMP
It consist of a hollow metal cylinder C with a lid
at the top and a smallhole at the bottom.
The piston rod passes through the lid.
The upper end of P has a handle while at its
lower end, a cup-shaped leather washer W. The
washer touches the sides of the cylinder tightly.
 (i)when the psiton is withdrawn , the air in
section A of the cylinder expands. Hence the
pressure inA is less than the atmospheric
pressure .So air can pass the washer into A.
Applications of Pressure in Daily Life

The area of the edge of a knife’s blade is extremely

small. This creates a pressure high enough for the
blade to cut through a material.

Syringes are used to take blood for blood tests. The

pressure of the liquid (blood) forces the liquid to
move into the syringe when its plunger is
withdrawn.

When air is sucked out of a drinking straw, the air

pressure inside if decreases and the atmospheric
pressure outside forces the liquid to go inside the
straw.
Skis have a large area to reduce the pressure on
the snow. This ensures that the skis do not sink into
the snow too far.

The pressure under the studs on the soles of

football shoes is high enough for them to sink into
the ground, which gives extra grip.

A vacuum cleaner has a fan inside that creates a

low pressure inside the device. Consequently, air
and dirt particles are sucked into the device.