CHAPTER – 7

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MODERN TOOLS USED FOR SURVEYING &
MAPPING
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It is a since and art of obtaining information about an object ,
area or phenomenon through an analysis of the data acquired
by a device which is not in contact with the object , area or
phenomenon under investigation.
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It is a tool or technique which employ electromagnetic energy
- such as - light , heat or microwave – as means of detecting
and measuring target characteristic
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Satellites and air crafts – common platform – used for remote
sensing
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Data collection – by highly sophisticated - sensors like -
REMOTE SENSING camera , radar etc.
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PRINCIPLE OF REMOTE SENSING:
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Sun and various artificial sources radiates electromagnetic
energy of different wavelength
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This energy - interacts with earth surface and various features
like - building , soil , grass , water , paved , road , forest etc
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The earth features changes – characteristics of incident
radiation such as – intensity , direction , wavelength and phase
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Remote sensing system detects these changes and – data
obtained is used to determine characteristics of the earth’s
surface
 sun
satellite

Incident
radiation

Reflected solar
radiation

RS

building Paved road grass forest

water
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STAGES OF REMOTE SENSING
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1.ENERGY SOURCE:
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Sun is – source of energy is passive remote sensing
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Sun produces – electromagnetic energy
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2.PROPOGATION OF ENERGY THROUGH
ATMOSPHERE
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Energy from source - propagate through atmosphere
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Atmosphere modifies the wavelength and spectral
distribution of energy to some extent
REMOTE SENSING ●
3.INTERECTION OF ENEGRY WITH TARGET
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Energy received by the target - interacts with it
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So – energy – either transmitted , absorbed ,
scattered , emitted or reflected from the target
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4.RECORDING OF ENERGY BY SENSOR
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Sensors are mounted on satellites
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Return signal is set to sensor which responds to all
wave length
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 1. - sun
4. –satellite
(sensors)

6.-interpretaion & analysis

2. - atmosphere

7.-application

3. -target
GIS

5-ground station
EARTH
SURFACE

STAGES OF REMOTE SENSING

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5.TRANSMISSION , RECEPTION & PROCESSING
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Energy recorded by sensor has to be transmitted
- in electronic form , to a receiving and
processing unit on the ground
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At ground unit – this data area processed and
converted in to image
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6.INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
REMOTE SENSING ●
Processed images are interpreted , -visually or
digitally or electronically to extract (to get)
information about the target
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7.APPLICATION
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Information about – target obtained from
remote sensing is made available to users in the
required format
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APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING
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1 – AGRICULTURE –
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for crop statistics – data / information / figures
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horticulture (art of gardening)
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2 - FORESRTY -
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To know forest area
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Type and density of forest
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To know biomass and grassland
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3.ENVIRONMENT
REMOTE SENSING ●
Information about atmosphere ,continents , ocean
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To study Hydrological phenomenon - cloud motion ,
precipitation , freeze , hurricane
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4.RESOURCE EXPLORAITON
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Used in exploration of non- renewable energy source
as – miners , fossil fuels , oil deposits
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5.LOCATION NATURAL HAZARDS
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To study and locate – earthquake , landslides ,
volcanic eruption , floods
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6.Land use and land cover mapping
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It Is a computer based system which is used to
store and manipulate geographical information
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It integrates common database operation such as
query and statistical analysis with the unique
visualization and geographical analysis benefits
offered by maps
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It is a tool to assist in decision making and
management of attributes(features) that needs to
be analyzed spatially
GIS ●
COMPONENTS OF GIS
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1.Computer system (hardware):
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It includes – CPU , VDU , keyboard , mouse ,
plotter , printer , CD/DVD drive etc . – to store ,
process , and present spatial data
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2.Software :
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Includes software like – Arc GIS, Map info ,
Geometrica , Autodesk Map – to perform GIS
operation
 Internal
users input analysis

Internal
Data
data management
base

GIS Internal
External GIS
management
management GIS data output
base
external
users

External
data
base
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3.Data :
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Geographical data in – form of - hard copy map ,
digital map ,aerial photos , satellite images ,
statistical tables , other documents - used for GIS
operations
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4.procedure:
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To complete task – procedures are performed using –
hardware and software
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5.Expert and users:
GIS ●
Experts with knowledge area required to apply GIS
properly
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Different types of users are using GIS at different
level
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APPLICATION OF GIS
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water resource and management and planning
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Transportation planning
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Town and regional planning
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Forest and wildlife - management
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Municipal application
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Emergency planning and routing
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Health , educational or retail services
GIS ●
Market analysis
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Population analysis and predication
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Archaeological location and measurement
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It is a combination of (1)electronic theodolite + (2)
electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and
microprocessor with memory unit
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PARTS OF TOTAL STATION AND IT’S FUNCTION
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1.Electronic theodolite
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2.EDM instrument
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3.Microprocessor + memory unit
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1.Electronic theodolite
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It is a telescope with cross hair to sight a target
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Main function – to measure vertical angles + horizontal
TOTAL STATION angle
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Measured angle – displayed on the screen in – digital
form
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Accuracy – 2 to 6 seconds
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2.EDM -
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Main function – to measure distance
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Range -2.8 to 4.2 km
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Accuracy - 5 to 10 mm per km
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EDM – transmit – infrared beam ,which is reflected back
to EDM unit with the help of a prism
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EDM – calculate distance based up time required to travel
a infrared beam up to target and return back to EDM
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Measured distance - displayed digitally on the screen
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3.Microprocessor + memory unit
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Measured - distance and angle (raw data) – is recorded in
memory unit
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This data is – analyzed by the microprocessor and angle
and distance - displayed digitally on screen
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Data recorded ( electronic book) – compact disc
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Storage capacity – 2000 to 4000 points
TOTAL STATION ●
This data can be downloaded to a computer – by means
of data cable
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Reduces recording errors , eliminate need for a person to
record the data in the field
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METHOD OF USING TOTAL STATION:
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It is mounted on – tripod stand and leveled before use
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Prism - mounted on poll of known height at target – so
that reflection point so prism is the line of centre of pole
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Tip of the pole is placed on the point to be surveyed
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Instrument must be towards – prism
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So that instrument – calculate position of prism not
the point to be surveyed
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To find location of point – height of pole is
subtracted
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USE OF TOTAL STATION
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Distance measurement
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Horizontal & vertical angle -measurement
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Elevation measurement of object
TOTAL STATION ●
Measurement of area and volume
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Preparation of cross section
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Preparation of traverse
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Measurement of co-ordinates
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Graphical display of measured points
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ADVANTAGES:
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1. Rapid field work
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2. High accuracy in measurement
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3. Elimination of error – during taking & recording
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4.co-ordinatess – of points computed fast
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5.Atmospheric temp. and pressure – correction
done automatically
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6. Contour map & cross section – prepared
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7. Area of field – can be computed
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8. Graphical view of plots and land
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9. Easy setting on tripod – using laser plummet
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10. local language support
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DISADVANTAGES:
TOTAL STATION ●
1. Does not provide hard copies of field work /
notes. So – difficult for surveyor – to look and
check work during survey
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2.To check of survey - required to return at office
and prepare – drawing using software
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3.Not used – for observation of sun
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4. Instrument is costly
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5.Skilled person – req. to use instrument /
conduct survey
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Global Positioning System
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It is a precise – location & navigation system
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Consists -24 nos. of satellites placed in 6 circular
orbits planes –of 55 degree inclination at 20200
km above earth surface
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This satellites – having 12 hours period , so that
at least 4 satellites are available for observations
on ground / air / water at any time at any place ,
in any weather - through out the year – anywhere
GPS in the world
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It also uses some ground stations and receivers –
to know - location of points on earth
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GPS – answers - 5 questions
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1.Where am I
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2.Where am I going?
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3.Where are you?
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4.What is the best way to reach there?
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5.When will I reach there?
GPS
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ADVANTAGES:
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1.Used as vehicle navigator.-able to determine -
exact location , calculate distance , and verify
direction - to reach particular place
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2.Used as a features of mobile phones – to find
direction , calculation of distance etc
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3.Make moving from one to another place –
easier , enjoyable at unknown places
GPS ●
4.For preparation of maps , land surveying ,
fishing & for scientific application
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5.It comes with – PANIC button. – will help – in
case of accident of hi jack
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6.Will track stolen vehicle easily
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7. Used to locate - lost child ,pet of family
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8.Used to determine - weather pattern
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9.Used for surveying of natural hazardous -
volcanic eruption , movements of earth plates etc.
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USE OF GPS
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Now a day – people are using - GPS to make work
more productive , safer & easier
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Five main uses
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1. Location – determining a basic position
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2. Navigation -getting from one location to another
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3. Tracking – monitoring the movement of people and
things
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4. Mapping – creating maps
GPS ●
5.Timing – provide accurate timing
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1. Location
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To determine exact location - for any point / place
etc on the earth , in any weather - at any time
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2. navigation
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Helps to determine exact where we are
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helps to know how to get somewhere else
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Used for navigation – on water , air and land
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3. tracking
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GPS + communication links + computer – tracking tool
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Used in – agriculture , mass transit , urban delivery ,
public safety , vessel & vehicle tracking
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Police ambulance , fire department - using GPS based -
AVL – to know location of emergency & response vehicle
on a computer map
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4. Mapping :
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Used for survey & to prepare maps – to save time and
money
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Can create models for everything in the world -
mountains ,sea , rivers , cities , minerals , resources , and
GPS mapping the effect of damage and disaster
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5.Timing :
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Used to determine - accurate time , time interval
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GPS – satellites – carries – high accurate atomic clock
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GPS – receiver on the earth – match themselves to these
clocks
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Every GPS – receiver is an atomic clock
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Astronomers , power companies . Computer networks ,
communication systems , banks , radio & television
station can benefited from this precise timing
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METHOD OF OPERATION:
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There are six GPS satellites orbiting at an altitude of
20200km .
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By using signals from these satellites, GPS receiver
calculate its positions.
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process requires accurate local time which is more
accurate than a clock.
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an atomic clock – provided in each GPS satellites,
which transmit messages - each containing time at the
GPS start of message parameters so as to determine the
location of the satellite and general system health.
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Signals travels through atmosphere and receiver
receive this signals.
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Receiver uses arrival time to calculate the distance to
each satellites, from which it finds the position of the
receiver using geometry and trigonometry.
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If local time is known accurately , then trilateration
process can find position of receiver by using three
satellite.
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SYSTEM SEGMENT :
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1 SPACE SEGMENT :
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Consists of GPS satellites or space vehicles
placed in orbits
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Each orbit consists of 4 GPS satellites
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Orbits has an inclination of 55 degree app. With
respect to earth’s equator
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This orbits are separated by 60 degree right
GPS ascension of the ascending node.( ascension –
angle along the equator from a reference point
to the intersection of the orbit)
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Orbits are arrange – such a way that four
satellites area always remains within the line of
sight from almost everywhere on the surface of
the earth.
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Satellites are located at 20200km with orbit
radious of 26600 km.
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2. CONTROL SEGMENT :
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Control segment are stations located on the
ground on various parts of the world.
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Control segments are eyes and ears of the GPS
and they keep tracking the satellites – rotating in
orbits at a height of 20200 km from the surface
GPS of the earth.
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3 USER SEGMENT :
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User segment consists of - receivers that have
been designed to decode the signal transmitted
from the satellites for the purpose of
determining position , velocity or time.
GPS