OPTICAL FIBER

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: RONNEL A.
COMPAYAN
HISTORY OF OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION

1880-Alexander Graham Bell experimented photophone.

1930-J.L.Baird and C.W.Hansell were granted patents for scanning and
transmitting television images through uncoated fiber cables.
1951- light transmission through bundles of fibers were experimented.
1960- Theodore H. Maiman built the first optical maser.
1970- fiber optics technology grown exponentially.
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLES

1.Wider bandwidth and greater information capacity.

2.Immunity to crosstalk.
3.Immunity to static interference.
4.Environmental immunity.
5. Safety and convenience
6. Lower transmission loss
7. Security
8. Durability and reliability
9. Economics
DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER
CABLES

1. Interfacing cost
2. Strength
3. Remote electrical power
4. Optical fiber cables are more susceptible to losses introduced by bending
the cables.
5. Specialized tools, equipment and training.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Light source - infrared light emitting diode and
injection laser diode.

Source to fiber coupler- couple light emitted by the light source

into the optical fiber cables.

Light detector- generally a PIN (p-type intrinsic n-type) diode

an APD(avalanched photodiode) or phototransistor
OPTICAL FIBER CONSTRUCTION
Special lacquer, silicone or acrylate coating
- applied outside the cladding to seal and
preserve the fiber’s strength.

Coating- protect the fiber from moisture.

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE CONFIGURATION
Stress corrosion or Static fatigue-can result if the
glass fiber is exposed to long periods of high humidity.
LIGHT PROPAGATION: PHYSICS OF LIGHT

Planck’s Law(“When visible light or high-

frequency electromagnetic radiation illuminates In terms of wavelength
a metallic surface, electrons are emitted.”)
Ep=hc/ʎ
Ep=hf
Ep=energy of the photons (joules)
h=Planck’s constant(6.625x10^-34 J-s)
f= frequency of light emitted
LIGHT PROPAGATION: OPTICAL POWER

Photometry- is the science of measuring only light waves that are visible to the
human eye.
Radiometry- measures light throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
P=d(energy)/d(time)
=dQ/dt
P= optical power (watts)
dQ= instantaneous charge (joules)
dt= instantaneous charge in time (seconds)
LIGHT PROPAGATION: VELOCITY OF
PROPAGATION
Light waves travels at 300000000 m/s
OPTICAL FIBER CONFIGURATION: MODE OF
PROPAGATION
OPTICAL FIBER CONFIGURATION: INDEX
PROFILE
The index profile of an optical fiber is a
graphical representation of the
magnitude of the refractive index across
the fiber.
OPTICAL FIBER CLASSIFICATION
1. Single-Mode Step-Index Optical Fiber
- it has a central core that is significantly smaller in diameter than any of the
multimode cables.
2. Multimode Step-Index Optical Fiber
-similar to the single-mode step-index fibers except the center core is
much larger with the multimode configuration
-The light rays that strike the core/cladding interface at an angle greater
than the critical angle (ray A) are propagated down the core in a zigzag
fashion, continuously reflecting off the interface boundary.
3. Multimode Graded-Index Optical Fiber
- are characterized by a central core with a nonuniform refractive
index. Thus, the cable’s density is maximum at the center and decreases
gradually toward the outer edge.