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16 - Well Log Interpretation Re
16 - Well Log Interpretation Re
and Interpretation
Resume
Dr. Ir. Dedy Kristanto, M.Sc
1
Well Log Interpretation
Interpretation is defined as the action of explaining the
meaning of something.
Log Interpretation is the explanation of logs ρb, GR,
Resistivity, etc. in terms of well and reservoir parameters,
zones, porosity, oil saturation, etc.
Log interpretation can provide answers to questions on:
2
Well Log Interpretation Procedure
3
Zoning
Zoning is the first step in any interpretation procedure.
During zoning, the logs are split into intervals of:
1) Porous and non-porous rock.
2) Permeable and non-permeable rock.
3) Shaly and clean rock.
4) Good hole conditions and bad hole conditions.
5) Good logs and bad logs.
Zoning Tools:
SP.
GR.
Caliper.
Neutron Density-Pef.
Resistivity.
4
Rock Properties
Rocks are described by four properties:
5
Basic Principle Measuring in the Borehole
WIRELINE: Logging which conducted after LWD: Logging which conducted while drilling
drilling process, sensor run into the wellbore process, sensor run into the wellbore using
and transmitting data through electric cable drill pipe and transmitting data through mud
pulse
6
Tool Positioning
Some tools are run
centralised in the borehole
in order to measure
properly.
Centralised
Tool These include laterolog and
sonic devices.
Formation
to be
Measured Special centralisers are put
on the tool.
7
Tool Positioning
8
Tool Positioning
9
Spontaneous Potential Uses
10
Basic SP Log
The SSP is the
quantity to be
determined.
It is the deflection
seen on the SP from
the Shale Base Line
(zero point) to the
Sand Line (max.
deflection)
11
Rw from the SP
Rw is often known from client information or local knowledge.
Rmf
SSP k log For pure NaCl solutions
Rw
Rmfe
SSP k log
Rwe
k is a constant - depending on the temperature.
k = 61 + .133 T (0F)
12
Gamma Ray Log
The Gamma Ray log is a measurement of the formation's
natural radioactivity.
Gamma ray emission is produced by three radioactive series
found in the Earth's crust.
Potassium (K40) series.
Uranium series.
Thorium series.
Gamma rays passing through rocks are slowed and
absorbed at a rate which depends on the formation density.
Less dense formations exhibit more radioactivity than dense
formations even though there may be the same quantities of
radioactive material per unit volume.
13
Basic Gamma Ray
Bed definition:
The tool reacts if the shale is
radioactive (usually the case),
hence show the sands and
shales, the permeable zones and
the non-permeable zones.
Tracer logging
A radioactive fluid is ejected by a tool at a chosen level. The fluid
movement is monitored by the gamma ray and will show thief zones
and channels in the cement behind the casing.
15
Gamma Ray Responses
16
Shales
Matrix Shale Porosity
Porosity Porosity
S h a le
Matrix Matrix
Matrix Matrix
17
Shale and Logs
Shales have properties that have important influences on
log readings:
• They have porosity.
• The porosity is filled with salted water.
• They are often radioactive.
• Resistivity logs exhibit shales as low resistivity zones.
18
Shale and Logs
Neutron porosity logs exhibit shales as high porosity.
GRlog GRmin
Vcl
GRmax GRmin
1
SPlog Rclay b
Vcl 1 Vclay
SSP Rt
20
Early Interpretation
Early resistivity logs were used to find possible
producing zones.
21
Annulus Invasion
22
Borehole Effects on Resistivity Logs
Resistivity of zone
Resistivity of the water in the zone
Water saturation in the zone
Mud
Rm
Adjacent bed
Rs
Uninvaded
hmc Flushed zone
zone Zone of R1
Rmc transition
(Bed dh or Rw
thickness) annulus
Mudcake Rxd
Sw
h Rm1
Sxo
Rs
di
dj
Adjacent bed
(Invasion diameters)
rj
dh
Hole
diameter
23
Computing Saturation
The standard saturation equation can be used with
special attention taken to obtain the correct value for
the cement exponent ‘m’.
In vuggy formations this will be greater than 2. The
resistivity logs read higher as the “pathway” is more
tortuous.
Saturations calculated with an ‘m’ of 2 will show too
much hydrocarbon
In fractured formations ‘m’ will be less than one as the
resistivity pathways are straight.
In this case saturations computed with ‘m’ = 2 will
show too much water.
24
Basics Principles
Rw = resistivity of water in the pore space.
Define Ro = resistivity of a rock totally filled with water.
R0
F
Rw
F: Formation Factor.
At constant porosity F is constant.
As porosity increases, Ro decreases and F decreases.
Experiments have shown that F is inversely proportional to m.
a
F m
m: is called the "cementation exponent".
a: is called the "lithology" constant.
25
Basics Principles
Saturation can be expressed as a ratio of the resistivities:
R0
Snw
Rt
where n is the "saturation exponent", an empirical constant.
Substituting for Ro:
FR w
Snw
Rt
Substituting for F (Archie Equation):
a Rw
S n
w m
Rt
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Archie Parameters
Rw = resistivity of connate water.
m = "cementation factor", set to 2 in the simple case.
n = "saturation exponent", set to 2 in the simple case.
a = constant, set to 1 in the simple case.
R w 2 R t
Assuming simple values for a, m, n.
Procedure is to:
Compute an Rwa (Rw apparent) using this relationship.
Read the lowest value over a porous zone which is
where Rwa = Rw
This is the method employed by all computer based
interpretation systems.
28
Rwa Calculation
Rwa = ?
Rwa = ?
Rwa = ?
29
Rw from Measured Water Sample
30
Rt Estimation
(Induction vs Laterolog)
Laterolog Induction
OBM no yes
1 1
Sw Vcl *
1
Vcl
2
Rt
Rcl
Rw
e
Nigeria Equation
2
1 1.4
V cl 2
n m
e
Sw
Rt Rcl aRw
32
Saturation Equations (2)
Waxman-Smits Equation
2
1 S BQv Sw
* *
w
Rt F Rw F
Dual Water Equation
Ct
t
m
S
n
wt
Cw
Swb
Cwb Cw
a
Swt
33
Simplified Dual Water Model
Archie Equation can be generalized into the following
form;
Rf
S2wt 2
t Rt
where;
Swt - total water saturation
fT - total porosity
Rt - true formation resistivity
Rf - resistivity of the water(s)
The equation can be solved if Rf is known.
34
Porosity
Porosity Tools:
• Density
• Neutron
• Sonic
• Magnetic Resonance
35
Lithology and Porosity Tools
All tools react to lithology - usually in conjunction with
the porosity.
Major lithology tools are:
• Neutron - reacts to fluid and matrix.
• Density - reacts to matrix and fluid.
• Sonic - reacts to a mixture of matrix and fluid,
complicated by seeing only primary porosity.
• NGT - identifies shale types and special minerals.
• CMR - magnetic resonance reacts to the porosity
with a small element if lithology.
36
Density Log
b = ma (1 - + f
Log Matrix Fluid
reading response response
37
Matrix and Fluid Densities
38
Matrix - Porosity Equations
2.65 - b
d Sandstone
2.65 - 1.0
2.71 - b
d Limestone
2.71- 1.0
2.85 - b
d Dolomite
2.85 - 1.0
39
Density Parameters
Vertical resolution:
Standard 18"
Enhanced 6"
Depth of investigation 6"- 9"
Readings in:
Limestone 2.71
Sandstone 2.65
Dolomite 2.85
Anhydrite 2.98
Salt 2.03
Shale 2.2 - 2.7
Coal 1.5
40
Neutron Log
Logging tool emits high energy
neutrons into formation
Neutrons collide with nuclei of
formation’s atom
Neutrons lose energy (velocity)
with each collision
Most energy lost when
colliding with a hydrogen atom
nucleus
Log records porosity based on
neutrons captured by
formation
41
Porosity from Neutron
42
Sonic Log
Sonic Tools are based on the
measurement of the velocity
and amplitudes of the sonic
body waves in the Rocks
Applications:
– Mechanical properties :
• Rock strength, Earth
stress
• Rock Mechanical
Properties
• Rock failure
mechanisms
– Formation evaluation -
Porosity and Lithology
– Cement Bond logging
43
Sonic Parameters
Vertical resolution:
Standard (BHC, LSS, MSTC) 24"
STC 36"
6"DT 6"
Depth of investigation:
BHC 5"
LSS-SDT 12" (12 ft spacing)
Readings in(ms/ft):
Limestone (0pu) 47.5
Sandstone (0pu) 51-55
Dolomite (0pu) 43.5
Anhydrite 50
Salt 67
Shale >90
Coal >120
Steel (casing) 57
44
Porosity Sonic Log
The response can be written as follows:
t log t ma 1 t f
t log t ma
t f t ma
Transit Time:
Sandstone: 55 msec
Limestone: 47 msec
Shale: 160 - 180 msec
Dolomite: 43 msec
Water (WBM): 189 msec
OBM: 205 msec
45
Sonic - CBL
Cement Bond Logging
– Cement bond logs (CBL) are used to evaluate the quality of the cement that was put
in place during the well completion process
– An Amplitude gives a quantitative reading and the VDL (Variable Density Log)
shows the quality of the bond
47
Combination Log Example
001) BONANZA 1
GR ILD RHOB DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SP ILM CNL
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
CALIPER SFL
6 16 0.2 200
10700
10800
10900
48
Quantifying Hydrocarbons
7758 Ah 1 Sw
OOIP
Bo
43560 Ah 1 Sw
OGIP
Bg
Well logs can be used to determine:
•h = Net pay thickness
•Φ = Porosity
• Sw = Water saturation
49
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