UNIT-III

An Introduction to
Human Physiology
Nutrition and
Metabolism

Nutrition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Metabolic
Reactions
Nutrition and
Metabolism
(continued) Metabolism
of Nutrients
Metabolic
Body
States
Metabolism
and the
Liver
Metabolic
Rate and
Thermo
regulation
Diet,
Digestion,
and Energy
Storage
Regulation
 Nutrition

• Digestive Systems

• Carbohydrates: Sources, Uses in the Body, and

Dietary
Requirements
• Lipids: Sources, Uses in the Body, and Dietary
Requirements
• Proteins: Sources, Uses in the Body, and Dietary
Requirements
• Food Requirements and Essential Nutrients
Nutrition and Metabolism > Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrate Molecules
• Importance of Carbohydrates
Nutrition and Metabolism > Lipids

Lipids

•Lipid Molecules
•Phospholipids
•Steroids
Nutrition and Metabolism > Proteins

Proteins

•Types and Functions

of Proteins
•Amino Acids
•Protein Structure
Nutrition and Metabolism > Metabolic Reactions

Metabolic Reactions

• Breakdown of Pyruvate

• Citric Acid Cycle

• Importance of Glycolysis
• Electron Transport Chain
• ATP Yield
• Control of Catabolic Pathways
• Transforming Chemical Energy
Nutrition and Metabolism > Metabolism of Nutrients

Metabolism of Nutrients

•Connecting Other
Sugars to
Glucose
Metabolism
•Connecting
Proteins to
Glucose
Metabolism
Nutrition and Metabolism > Metabolic Body States

Metabolic Body States

•Catabolic-
Anabolic Steady
State
•Absorptive State
•Postabsorptive
State
Nutrition and Metabolism > Metabolism and the Liver

Metabolism and the Liver

•Cholesterol
Metabolism
•Regulation of
Blood
Cholesterol
Levels

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Nutrition and Metabolism > Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation

Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation

•Homeostatic
Process
•Homeostasis:
Thermoregulation
•Heat Conservation
and Dissipation
Nutrition and Metabolism > Diet, Digestion, and Energy Storage Regulation

Diet, Digestion, and Energy Storage Regulation

•Hormonal
Responses to Food
•Neural Responses
to Food
•Food Energy and
ATP
 physiology

•
Human physiology is the science of the mechanical,
physical, and biochemical functions of normal
humans or human tissues or organs.
• The study of physiology occurs at many levels,
including organisms, organ systems, organs, cells,
and biomolecules
 HOMEOSTASIS

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of the overall stability of

physiological processes of the body. It is monitored by the 
brain and nervous system and regulated by the physiology
and activity of individual organs.

• The ability of a system or living organism to adjust its

internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium, such
as the ability of warm-blooded animals to maintain a
constant internal temperature despite changes in outdoor
temperature.
Levels of Organization
 An Introduction to the Organ Systems

►Digestive system
►Respiratory system
►Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
►Respiratory Organs
►Respiratory Cycle
►Excretory system
 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Major organs
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Large intestine
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
 Overview of the Digestive System

Digestive System
Nervous System of the Digestive System
The Peritoneum
The
Alimentary
Canal
Layers of
the
Alimentary
Canal
 The Stomach

Digestive System
(continued)
The Liver
The
Gallbladder
The
Pancreas
The Small
Intestine
Overview of the Digestive System

•Anatomy of the
Digestive System
•Processes and
Functions of the
Digestive System
•Organs of the Digestive
System
 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Functions:
• Processes and digests food
• Absorbs and conserves water
• Absorbs nutrients (ions,water,and the breakdown products
of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats)
• Stores energy reserves
 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Major organs:
• Nasal cavities
• Sinuses
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Alveoli
 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Functions:
• Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange
occurs)
• Provides oxygen to bloodstream
• Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
• Produces sounds for communication
 BASIS FOR COMPARISON AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Definition The breakdown of glucose in The breakdown of glucose in

the presence of oxygen to the absence of oxygen to
produce more amount of produce energy is called as
energy is called as aerobic anaerobic respiration.
respiration.

Chemical Equation Glucose + Oxygen gives Glucose gives Lactic acid +

Carbon dioxide +water + energy
energy

It occurs in The cytoplasm to Takes place in cytoplasm only.

mitochondria.

Energy produced The high amount of energy is Less amount of energy

produced. produced.

Number of ATP released 38 ATP. 2 ATP.

Final product is Carbon dioxide and water. Lactic acid (animal cells),
carbon dioxide and ethanol
(plant cell).
It requires Oxygen and glucose to It does not require oxygen
produce energy. but uses glucose to
produce energy.
It involves 1. Glycolysis - also called 1. Glycolysis.
Embden-Meyerhof- 2. Fermentation
Parnas(EMP) pathway.
2. The respiratory chain
(electron transport and
oxidative
phosphorylation).
3. The tricarboxylic acid
cycle (TCA), also known
as the citric acid cycle or
Krebs cycle.
Process of combustion Complete Incomplete.

Type of process It is a long process for It is a fast process in

the production of comparison to aerobic
energy. respiration.

Examples Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

occurs in many plants occurs in human
and animals muscle cells
(eukaryotes). (eukaryotes), bacteria,
yeast (prokaryotes),
etc.