ACCOMPLISHED BY -

• PUSHPAN BHAUMIK (380217011065)

• DEBAJIT DAS (380217014032)
• JULI KUMARI (380217021071)
• KUMARI DIKSHA RAI (380217021073)
• NIKITA MULCHANDANI (380217021079)
• AMAN KUMAR THAKUR (380217011069)

MENTOR –
Mr. ANIRBAN GHOSAL (Assistant professor of Electronics And Communication
Engineering, JISCE)
ABSTRACT
◦Digital Modulation technique is a type of modulation technique which uses discrete signals to
modulate the carrier wave.
◦DM eliminates transmission noise and offers improved robustness to signal interference.
◦The three main types of digital modulation are Frequency Shift Keying(FSK), amplitude Shift
Keying(ASK), Phase Shift Keying(PSK).
◦The advantages to digital modulations are many when compared to the analog modulation
such as:-
◦Available bandwidth, high noise immunity and permissible power. In most of the cases, we use
a function generator and other higher costly materials to check the different waveforms.
◦So, the project is about designing a circuitry for the generation of these waveforms by
transistors, resistors, capacitors without using high price instruments of transmitters and
receivers and this is going to reduce the price range of this digital modulation techniques to a
good extent.
APPROACH AND THEORY:-

◦Our project was towards implementation of the generation of digital modulation technique- Amplitude Shift
Keying using some basic components such as resistors, capacitors etc and so our approach was to design a basic
circuit diagram and tHe logic behind it.
◦So, below are the points of implementation of our project :-
◦• Base of the T1 is connected to ground. Base of transistor T5 is connected to +5v.
◦• The collector terminal of T6 is connected to +5v, 50khz sinusoidal signal.
◦• This is the RF carriers wave, which will be used to modulate digital bits.
◦• When the +5v is applied at base of transistor T3 as well as transistor T4, collector terminal of transistor T3
produces low voltage. So, transistor T2 is cut off as collector terminal of T3 is connected to base of transistor T2
and base of T1 is also connected to 0,So collector terminal of T1 is also connected to 0. So collector terminal of
T1 produces +5v. As a result base of transistor T6 is also received +5v.
◦• If s=1,then base of transistor T4 us high and as base of transistor T5 is also connected to +5v, both transistor
T4 & T5 is active. As a result collector terminal of transistor T4 produces low voltage which is applied to base of
transistor T7. As base of transistor T6 is high and base of transistor T7 is low, collector terminal of T6 produces
RF wave.
Components requirement
RESISTOR 01

CAPACITORS 02

BREAD BOARD 03

555 TIMER IC 04

4052 IC 05

741 IC 06

JUMPER WIRE 07

PROTIUS 08
 RESISTOR
◦ A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , amongs others
uses .
◦ The main function of resistors in a circuit is to control the flow of current to other components.
Take an LED (light) for example. if too much current flows through an LED it is destroyed. So
a resistor is used to limit the current .
◦ High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as
part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating
voltage.
CAPACITORS
◦ Its function is to store the electrical energy and give this energy again to the circuit when necessary. In other words, it
charges and discharges the electric charge stored in it.
◦ Besides this, the functions of a capacitor are as follows: It blocks the flow of DC and permits the flow of AC. In its
simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric.
 BREAD BOARD
◦ A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit
designs.
◦ Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their
leads or terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where
appropriate.
◦ The breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and connect the holes on the top of
the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below. Note that the top and bottom rows
of holes are connected horizontally and split in the middle while the remaining holes are
connected vertically.
 555 TIMER IC
555 timer working as a flip flop or as a multi-vibrator, it has a particular set of configurations. Some of the major features of the 555
timer would be,

It operates from a wide range of power ranging from +5 Volts to +18 Volts supply voltage.
Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.
The external components should be selected properly so that the timing intervals can be made into several minutes along with the
frequencies exceeding several hundred kilohertz.
The output of a 555 timer can drive a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) due to its high current output.
It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm) per degree Celsius change in temperature which is equivalent to 0.005 %/
°C.
The duty cycle of the timer is adjustable.
Also, the maximum power dissipation per package is 600 mW and its trigger and reset inputs has logic compatibility.
4052 IC
741 IC
 JUMPER WIRE
 Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing
them to be used to connect two points to each other without soldering.

 Jumper wires are typically used with breadboards and other prototyping tools
in order to make it easy to change a circuit as needed.
PROTIUS SOFTWARE
Modulation part in project

FUNCTION GENERATOR 01

ASK (AMPLITUDE SHIFT 02

KEYING) MODULATION
FSK (FREQUENCY SHIFT 03
KEYING) MODULATION
PSK(PHASE SHIFT 04
KEYING) MODULATION
 FUNCTION GENERATOR

 Basically, we are creating a Function Generator in our project by using the simple electronic
components like the IC 555, Some Resistors and Capacitors.
 In our circuit diagram, we have used resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4, C5.
 First of all, the IC 555 which we are using here is acting as a square-wave generator which is
generating a square wave signal.
 We are giving the square wave as an input to the RC Circuit and then we are getting the Sine Wave as
the output from the RC Circuit
 The A terminal is where we are getting the square wave generator as an input to the RC circuit 
 The B terminal as shown in the diagram is where we will get the output which is the Sine wave
 This Sine Wave we are basically generating for using it as a carrier later.
 So, in this way we are creating our Function Generator using basic electronics components.
 ASK (AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING) MODULATION

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital

data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system, a symbol,
representing one or more bits, is sent by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a
fixed frequency for a specific time duration. 
We are performing the Amplitude-Shift Keying with the help of an Analog Multiplexer
IC 4052
We are using here the Analog Multiplexer instead of a digital multiplexer because we are
working with both analog and digital signals, the message signal is a digital signal and the
carrier signal is an analog signal which has a higher frequency
The select inputs A and B is being sorted to get the data inputs either A=0,B=0 or
A=1,B=1 
When the select inputs are taken as 0,the input X0 is getting selected which is grounded
and so we are not getting any kind of output data or output wave
When the select inputs are taken as 1,the input X3 gets selected which as we can see in
the diagram is the carrier wave and so in the output we get the required wave.
So,in this way,we are implementing the concept of Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK).
 FSK (FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING) MODULATION

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which

digital information is transmitted through frequency changes of a carrier signal.
Basically, we will use two carrier waves for frequency-shift keying where one
frequency of one carrier wave will be greater than the frequency of another
carrier wave. 
We are performing the Frequency-Shift Keying with the help of an Analog
Multiplexer IC 4052  
The select inputs A and B is being sorted to get the data inputs either A=0,B=0
or A=1,B=1 
When the select inputs are taken as 0,the input X0 is getting selected which is
basically the carrier wave with the lower frequency out of the two carrier waves
and we are getting the lower frequency carrier wave as an output. 
When the select inputs are taken as 1,the input X3 is getting selected which is
the carrier wave with the higher frequency and so we are getting a higher
frequency carrier wave as an output
Thus, we are implementing FSK in the above mentioned process .
 PSK(PHASE SHIFT KEYING) MODULATION

Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation process which conveys data by changing

(modulating) the phase of a high frequency reference signal (the carrier wave). 
In case of PSK implementation,we used an inverting OPAMP IC 741 which is responsible
for the phase shift of the carrier signal
We are performing the Phase-Shift Keying with the help of an Analog Multiplexer IC 4052
 
We are using here the Analog Multiplexer instead of a digital multiplexer because we are
working with both analog and digital signals,the message signal is a digital signal and the
carrier signal is an analog signal which has a higher frequency 
The select inputs A and B is being sorted to get the data inputs either A=0,B=0 or
A=1,B=1 
When the select inputs are taken as 0,the input X0 is selected which is basically the carrier
waveform
When the select inputs are taken as 1,the input X3 is selected which is basically the 180
degree phase change of the carrier wave.
After that the OPAMP comes into play which works as an inverting amplifier and gives us
the 180 degree phase change in the output waveform.