Kreidler (1998)

Chapter 13

The semantics Of
morphological relations
Group 1: Bùi Thị Êm
Bùi Thị Thùy Dương
Nguyễn Thị Minh Trang
Trần Thị Hà Giang
Contents
4 main parts:
 Formal processes and Semantic processes in
derivation (Dương)
 Verbs formed from nouns, adjectives and
verbs from verbs (Giang)
 Adjectives derived from verbs, nouns,
adjectives (Trang)
 Nouns derived from verbs, adjectives, nouns
(Êm)
 Semantics: the study of meanings in
a language
 Morphology: the study of the form of
words and phrases
 The semantic relations exist when
verbs are derived from nouns, nouns
from adjectives, adjective from verbs,
and so on…
THE SEMANTICS OF
MORPHOLOGICAL RELATIONS

13.1 FORMAL PROCESSES OF DERIVATION

13.2 SEMANTIC PROCESSES OF

DERIVATION

PRESENTER: Bùi Thị Thuỳ Dương ID: 20045249

13.1 FORMAL PROCESSES OF DERVIVATION

TYPES OF
DERIVATIONAL
Addition
RELATIONSHIP
Mutation

Conversion

Subtraction
Addition

Some lexemes are formed by combining

morphemes.
Example: + armchair, busybody
+ violinist, disarm, blue-eyed
+ astronaut, biology
 Mutation

Derivation is accomplished by:

+ change of vowel
Example: proud  pride
+ change of consonants
Example: believe  belief
+ change of both vowel and consonant
Example: choose  choice
+ change of stress
Example: ex’tract (v) # ‘extract (n)
 Conversion
(or zero change)

The simple change of a word of one class to a

word of another class with no formal alteration.
Example: + clean (v/adj), dry (v/adj)
+ fan (v/n), hammer (v/n)
+ capital (n/adj), initial (n/adj)
 Subtraction (or reduction)
By removing parts of certain lexemes new lexemes are formed.
(1) Acronym: a word derived from the written form of
construction.
Example: + UK for ‘United Kingdom’
+ UNESCO for ‘United Nation Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization’
+ TV for ‘television’
+ Sunoco for ’Sun Oil Company’
(2) Clipping: the use of part of a word to stand for the whole
word.
Example: + laboratory – lab, telephone – phone
+ divvy – dividend, ammo – ammunition
13.2 SEMANTIC PROCESSES OF DERVIVATION

Nouns represents entities

Verb represents activities or

states

Adjective represents qualities or

characteristics
(1) When a verb converted to a noun, the noun
maybe refer to concrete entity – a person, object
or place associated with what the verb signifies.
Example:
+ He kicked it.
+He gave it ______________________________.
(a kick/ a couple of kicks/ several kicks)
(2) When a verb is derived from a noun, an
entity becomes a predicate an entity or status-
losing its quantifiable nature but becoming part
of a tense – aspect system.
Example: + soldier  soldiered, is soldiering,
would have soldiering…
+ rich (adj) – enrich (v)
(3) A noun or verb converted to an adjective
gives a word that names a quality associated with
some entity.
Example: + milk (n)  milky (adj)
+ periodic (adj) ~ period (n)
PARTS 13.3 – 13.5: VERBS
13.3. Verbs formed from nouns
13.3.1. Transfer meanings
13.3.2. Effective meanings
13.3.3. Instrumental meanings
13.3.4. Vehicular meanings
13.4. Verbs from adjectives
13.5. Verbs from verbs

Presenter: Trần Thị Hà Giang

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VERBS FORMED FROM NOUNS

TYPES OF VERBS DERIVED FROM NOUNS

 Transfer meanings
 Effective meanings
 Instrumental meanings
 Vehicular meanings (instrument +
transfer)
Transfer meanings
 Eg: Roger painted the wall.
 Thematic structure:
Transfer meanings

 Other such verbs are:

+ water (the flowers)
+ oil (a hinge)
+ comfort (a friend)
 RECAPITULATION
 Transfer verbs
 the movement of some thing to a goal or
from a source
 the inception of a new location or the
termination of a previous one.

 Thenoun from which the verb is derived may

name the thing moved, the new location
(goal), or the previous one (source).
Effective meanings
 Eg: The accident crippled my friend.
Effective meanings

 Some nouns name a status. Verbs

derived from such nouns express
causation, the inception of that status.
Instrumental meanings
 Eg: Harry locked the door.
 Instrumental meanings

 Similar verbs:
+ button a coat
+ comb and brush one’s hair
+ hammer a nail
+ etc.
 Vehicular meanings
(instrument + transfer)
 Eg: Sandra is skating from here to the corner.
A special kind of instrument is a vehicule, a
means for going and for moving some entity
from one place to another.

 Otherverbs that are derived from nouns which

name instruments of moving:
bicycle, bus, canoe, parachute, ski
VERBS FROM ADJECTIVES
 Verbsderived from adjectives: causative or
inchoative:

Eg: Ella dried the dishes. (Causative)

The towels dried in the sun. (Inchoative)
VERBS FROM ADJECTIVES
In English, there are:
 Causative verbs which are also inchoative.
Eg: dry (‘make dry’ and ‘become dry’)
 Causative verbs verbs that are not usually
inchoative.
Eg: sterilize (‘make sterile’ but not ‘become
sterile’)
 No verbs that are inchoative but not causative.
VERBS FROM ADJECTIVES
 Verbs that are identical with the adjective:
Eg: brown, cool, clean, clear, complete, dry, free,
open, slow, wet, etc.

A number of verbs add a particle:

Eg: clear away, calm down, quiet down, cool off,
dry off, dry out, empty out, thin out
VERBS FROM VERBS
Nearly all other verbs derived from verbs have
prefixes:
 Repetitive prefixe re-:
Eg: Re-write, re-capture, re-tell
 Reversive/’undoing’ prefixe un-, de-, dis-:
Eg: lock, unlock
classify, declassify
appear, disappear
VERBS FROM VERBS
 Privative verbs (‘remove or detach N from’):

Eg: arm, disarm

cover, uncover
load, unload
mask, unmask
veil, unveil
etc.
 SUMMARY
The categories of derived words in terms of VERBS
are recapitulated below with their subdivisions:
1. Verbs from nouns:
 transfer; effect; means; vehicle
2. Verbs from adjectives:
 causative; inchoative
3. Verbs from verbs:
 repetitive; reversive; privative
 Parts 13.6 – 13.8:
ADJECTIVES

13. 6 Adjectives derived from verbs

13. 7 Adjectives derived from nouns
13. 8 Adjectives derived from adjectives

Presenter: Nguyễn Thị Minh Trang

 13.6 Adjectives derived from verbs
Adjectives derived from verbs are either active-
subjective or passive-objective.
Resultative: The road was closed (all day), [a status]
Passive: The road was closed (by the police at ten
o’clock). [an event]

 So The road was closed is ambiguous by

itself. German and Spanish, among
other languages, keep these expressions
separate.
Some deverbal adjectives with the negative prefixes un-
and in- (im- il-, ir-), such as undaunted and incessant ‘not
ceasing,’ are more common than the corresponding
adjectives without the prefixes. Of course, it is the positive
adjectives that are derived from verbs; there are no such
negative verbs as *undaunt or *incease.

Examples of active-subjective adjectives from verbs are:

calculating inspiring stimulating thriving unrelenting
dependent incessant (in)coherent repentant (in)tolerant
appreciative argumentative deceptive impressive
informative offensive productive protective provocative
(un)obtrusive (dis)respectful thoughtful/thoughtless
continuous studious discriminatory
leaky
sympathetic
Some passive-objective adjectives are equivalent
to past participles or archaic past participles; for
example:
 
bent broken chosen cut mixed molten past
shrunken slain stolen stricken swollen tired
 
The majority of passive-objective adjectives have
the suffix -ible/-able. A is refillable=A can be
refilled; A is accessible to B= A can be accessed
by B:
 
conceivable contemptible impassable
impenetrable interminable reasonable
13.7 Adjectives derived from nouns

1 The adjective means ‘like N’; childish=like a child

Other examples:
foolish devilish motherly brotherly foxy piggish
golden wooden leathery cylindrical pyramidal
spherical
2 The adjective means ‘having (some quantity of)
N,’ ‘affected by N,’ ‘displaying N’; muddy=having
mud

Other examples:
bushy feathery foggy sandy shady colorful
shapely barbed healthy
3 Some adjectives mean ‘leading to N, likely
to produce N’; healthful =leading to (good)
health
4 Numerous English adjectives do not really
add a meaning to that of the noun; they
merely convert the occurrence of that
meaning to a different syntactic function.

Examples:
 
daily hourly weekly monthly yearly
biological geographical residential partial
medicinal peninsular cinematic
 13.8 Adjectives derived from adjectives

There are two kinds of adjectives formed from

other adjectives. The less common type has a
suffix -ish with the meaning ‘partially, tending
toward’:
bluish oldish yellowish
The other type has a prefix to indicate the
negative of the plain adjective or changes the
suffix -ful to -less.
  unbiased unfinished unparalleled untutored
  undaunted uneasy
dissatisfied 
illegal impatient indecent irregular
harmless painless
 Nouns
Description the meaning
that are added when a verb/adjective/
noun becomes a noun

Presenter: Bùi Thị Êm

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What types of derivational relationship

1. belief mutation (believe)

2. doubt conversion (doubt)

3. possession addition (possess)

4. TV subtraction (television)

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 V
e
r
b N
- o
a u
c n
t
i -
Adjective-
v Qualities, characteristics
i
t e
i n
e t
s
i
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NOUNS

VERB
NOUN
ADJECTIVE

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NOUNS

VERB
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
Action, effect,
Place,
Abstract, person
agent/instrument, affected,
characterized
place

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NOUNS

VERB
Action, effect,
agent/instrument,
affected, place

De-verbal
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 1. Noun derived from verbs
 When a N is derived from a V , the V is one that
can predicate some action.
 This predication is turned into a name that
 designates the act;
 the product or result of the act;
 the agent or means of carrying out the act;
 the entity affected by the act;
 or the place where the act occurs
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 1. Noun derived from verbs
1.1. Action nouns
ex. The bus arrived promptly.
=> The prompt arrival of the bus
 V refers to a physical action
 and N means the event or act of the V
 N indicates both the event or activity signalled by verb
attack => attack
revive => revival
rob => robbery
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disappear => disappearance
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1. Noun derived from verbs
1.2. Effect nouns
ex. George replied to our letter.
=> George’s reply to our letter.
V refers to a basically physical action
and N means the result, product, effect of the V
N is the result or product of that action
grieve => grief
cough => cough
jump => jump
kick => kick
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 1. Noun derived from verbs
1.3. Agent/instrument nouns
a. ex. Harry drives.
=> Harry is a driver.
 Agent/instrument nouns with the suffix -er, -or-
productive suffix
 announce => announcer (person)
borrow => borrower
manage => manager
 contain => container (thing)
divide => divider
heat => heater
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1. Noun derived from verbs
1.3. Agent/instrument nouns
b. - stimulate => stimulant
lubricate => lubricant
=> agent/matter making it
 V refers to some activity
 and N means the habitual, usual agent or
instrument of V

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1. Noun derived from verbs
1.4. Affected nouns
ex. Somebody employs Harry.
=> Harry is an employee.

V refers to some activity

and N means the entity affected by action of the V
acquaint => acquaintance
address => addressee
ampute => amputee

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 1. Noun derived from verbs
1.5. Place nouns
ex2. The ships anchor here.
=> This is an anchorage.

Nouns indicate the place of action  V refers to some

activities
and N means the place where the action of V occurs

anchor => anchorage

bake => bakery
brew => brewery

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NOUNS

ADJECTIVE
Abstract,
characterized
De-
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nouns
2. Nouns derived from adjectives
2.1. Abstract nouns
deep => depth
kind => kindness
free => freedom
dependent => dependency
equal=> equality
 Reification of the adj  treating the quality as
a thing

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2. Nouns derived from adjectives
2.2. Characterized nouns
absent => absentee
young => youngster
rapid => rapids
shallow => shallows
 Individuals who have the quality named by the
adjective,
 or places characterized by what the adjective
represents
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NOUNS

NOUN
Place, person

De-
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nouns
3. Nouns derived from nouns
3.1. Place nouns
fish => fishery
hermit => hermitage
orphan => orphanage
 These name localities where the referent of
the basic noun is to be found
 Nouns refers to some activity
 and N means the place where the denote noun
represents
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3. Nouns derived from nouns
3.2. Person nouns
a. mountain => mountaineer
island => islander
New York => New Yorker
Vietnam => Vietnamese
 are labels for humans associated with whatever
the basic noun (name a place or kind of place)
signifies.
 The derived noun names an inhabitant.
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3. Nouns derived from nouns
3.2. Person nouns
b. engine => engineer
library => librarian
machine => machinist

 The derive nouns provide labels for people by

what they do for living

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3. Nouns derived from nouns
3.2. Person nouns
c. (commune =>) communism => communist

 One noun is an abstract condition/system

 and the other noun names a person who is
affected by the condition or is an adherent of
the system

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Note: what is derived from what
 Concrete => abstract
Hammer (n) => hammer (v)

 Physical, observable action => result of

the action
Kiss (v) => kiss (n)

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NOUNS

VERB
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
Action, effect,
Place,
Abstract, person
agent/instrument, affected,
characterized
place

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IMPLICATIONS FOR ENGLISH TEACHING
 Subject: students in grade 9
 Content: teaching vocabulary
 Objectives: help students generate word meaning from
morphological processes
 Activities:
Exercise: Give the correct form of the word in brackets.
talented craftsmen amazed me with their
1. These fully ___________
product (TALENT)
villagers
2.These ____________ live mainly on farming and marking incenses
when crops are over. (VILLAGE)
useful for teenagers. It’s _______
3. The website is not ________ useless (USE)
population here. (POLLUTED)
4. We’re worried about the _____________
babies her husband (BABY)
5. She ________
ENGLISH 9/
UNIT 1
Thank you for your
attention!
Any questions?