Thuyết Trình-Nhóm 2

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HCMC UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Chapter 7:
EARTHWORKS AND EXCAVATION
Advisor: Ph.D Bùi Phạm Đức Tường
GROUP 2
Hồ Chí Minh City, 7/2021

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 1
MEMBERS AND DUTIES
No. Full Name ID Duties

1 Nguyễn Trung Hiếu 19649030 Translation and slideshows
2 Nguyễn Hữu Hoài 19649032 Translation and presentations
3 Nguyễn Thanh Điền 19849012 Translation and find pictures
4 Nguyễn Đình Dương 19649029 Translation and find pictures
5 Lê Trọng Hiếu 19649031 Translation and find pictures

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BEST PRACTICE
 Clear drawings and specifications

 Good site investigation
 Well-chosen and maintained plant
 Well-trained staff
 Good safety practices

KEY ISSUES
7.1. Site investigations
7.2. Safety
7.3. Geotechnical process of dewatering and treatment of
substrata
7.4. Removal of water from excavations
7.5. Ground treatment to change the physical properties of the
ground
7.6. Regrading
7.7. Minor regrading or landscaping
7.8. River bank retention
7.9. Retaining walls
7.10. Excavations and stability of ground,slopes and rock faces
7.11. Steel sheet piling

7.1. Site investigations

7.1. SITE INVESTIGATIONS
7.1.1. General
 Be fully aware of all
information and requirements
contained in site investigation
reports and elsewhere before
work starts on site.
 Ensure legal requirements

before excavation, a ground
investigation can vary from a
visual inspection of, trial pits or
open trenches to a full
investigation with boreholes to
considerable depth.
7.1.1. General
 Similarly, the soils testing
can vary from simple index tests
to the very detailed. Every
excavation on site is in effect a
trial pit and every opportunity
should be taken to observe the
soils (BS 5930).

7.1.2. Contaminated ground

 The reclamation of
contaminated soil is
necessary. It is, therefore,
essential to obtain as much
information as possible
regarding the use to which
the site was previously put
and dependent upon this.
Such a survey will highlight
potential dangers, thereby
enabling a safe system of
work to be established.

7.1.3. Code of Practice

 BS 8004 should be
considered as the ‘bible’
for reference during both
the planning and working
stages of a project
involving earthworks,
excavations and
foundation construction.

7.2. Safety

7.2. SAFETY
7.2.1. General
 No excavated ground can be
assumed to be safe and all ground
can collapse without.
 These notes only relate to
excavations utilising open cut or
temporary support methods.
Specialised methods such as
diaphragm walls, bored pile walls
and ground stabilisation by
injection, freezing and dewatering
are excluded, as their use must
always relate to designed conditions
or specialist advice.
7.2. SAFETY
7.2.1. General
 The support of excavations
divides into two categories:
 Where so-called standard
solutions are used:
 Sloping side (open cut)
excavation
 Standard details from BS
6031 or CIRIA Report 97
 Proprietary systems.
 purpose designed for the
particular situation by persons
competent to do so.

7.2. SAFETY
7.2.1. General

7.2. SAFETY
7.2.2. Requirements
 It is mandatory for a competent person
to be made responsible for the supervision
of excavation.
 The management team of any project
involving excavations deeper than 1.2 m
should include the necessary
requirements in their company standing
instructions or procedures. Such
requirements usually include the following:
 All excavations exceeding 1.2 m deep,
to be supported or excavated to a
stable slope.
7.2. SAFETY
7.2.2. Requirements
 All excavations exceeding
1.2 m, if intended to be left
unattended, to be protected
by a rigid barrier not less
than 1 m in height - or be
covered by robust material.
 Provision of safe means
of access into excavations

7.2. SAFETY
7.2.2. Requirements
 Provision of barriers
or stop blocks where
cranes, dumpers, lorries
etc. are required to
manoeuvre close to the
edge of the excavation
 Excavations to be
inspected by a
competent person daily or
at the beginning of each
shift
7.2. SAFETY
7.2.2. Requirements
 Provision of adequate
supplies of trench sheets,
timbering and propping
materials of a suitable
quality must always be
available and to hand
before excavation starts.
 Location of spoil heaps
at a safe distance from the
top of an excavated slope
or trench
7.2. SAFETY
7.2.2. Requirements
How an excavator can come in contact with live power lines

7.2. SAFETY
7.2.3. Standard solutions

 The use of standard
solutions should only be
applied in the following
circumstances:
 Double-sided, narrow
trench support, not
exceeding 4 m deep, in dry
ground.
 Shallow pits, not
exceeding 4 m deep

7.2. SAFETY

 Where water problems
have been eliminated by other
means, e.g. well pointing, but
within the limitations of 1 and
2 above.
 When deciding the slope of
open cut excavations, proper
account must be taken of the
material in which the
excavation will take place.

7.2. SAFETY

 Do not assume that excavation in rock is necessarily stable.
 Installation of support must maintain safe conditions at all
times.
 Where proprietary systems are adopted, installation must
be strictly in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions.
 All decisions in relation to the foregoing must be determined
by the person on site responsible for ground works, under the
direction of the site manager or other persons responsible for
the contract as a whole.

7.2. SAFETY

 Persons erecting or
removing supports must
always work within the
protection of some form of
existing support or from outside
the excavation, and be under
immediate supervision.

7.2. SAFETY

 Where water problems have been eliminated by other
means, e.g. well pointing, but within the limitations of 1 and 2
above.
 The system of work adopted must be explained in detail to
all persons engaged in placing or removing supports, and
others who will be working in the excavation.
 Written work instructions must be provided if safe working
cannot be maintained without them.

7.3. Geotechnical process of

dewatering and treatment of substrata

7.3. GEOTECHNICAL PROCESS OF DEWATERING
AND TREATMENT OF SUBSTRATA
7.3.1. General
 These processes cover the
application of a number of
established methods to facilitate
foundation construction in
difficult ground conditions, and groundwater lowering
include: groundwater
lowering, injection of grouts
into the ground to change its
physical characteristics,
compaction and freezing the
groundwater. freezing the groundwater
7.3.2. Exclusion of water

 Methods:
 Open drains with
sumps and pumps to keep
out surface water.
 cut-offs to limit water
entry
 well points
 ground freezing
 deep wells
 injection of chemicals

Principle Scheme of the

Liquid Nitrogen Freezing
System

7.4. Removal of water from excavations

7.4. REMOVAL OF WATER FROM EXCAVATIONS
 When soil conditions are such

that the sides or base of the
excavation remain stable, usually
the least expensive method is to
pump the water out.
 If, however, there is a
possibility of instability of
unsupported slopes or softening
or heave of the bottom of the
excavation, it is advisable to
remove the water from the
ground before it reaches the
excavation by means of an
external groundwater lowering
installation.
 The resulting changes in groundwater levels, and the re-

established water levels afterwards, may cause settlement of
adjacent structures.

 The requirements of the

local authority for the
discharge of pumped water
into sewers or watercourses
should be followed. This will
probably require provision of
settlement tanks for
removing sediment before
discharge

Wellpoints surrounding an excavation

7.5. Ground treatment to change the

physical properties of the ground

7.5. GROUND TREATMENT TO CHANGE THE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GROUND
 A number of methods are available as follows:
 Removal and replacement of the weak strata with strong
compact material
 Compaction of soils in situ by vibro-compaction or
dynamic compaction.
 Pre-consolidation of soil by preloading the site with
imported fill: check compatibility of fill material as above.
 Injection of grout into the ground.
 Construction of in situ diaphragms.
 Removal of water by sand drains and drainage wicks.
 All these are operations normally carried out by specialist
subcontractors.

7.5. GROUND TREATMENT TO CHANGE THE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GROUND
Injection of grout into the ground
dynamic compaction
7.6. Regrading

7.6. REGRADING
This is a term loosely applied to
all operations involved in
adjusting ground levels and
gradients. All work is required
to be in accordance with the
drawings and specification but
any changes which site
management think may be
appropriate should be brought
to the attention of the engineer
for his consideration at the
earliest opportunity.

7.6. REGRADING
7.6.1. General
 Regrading entails the movement of
considerable quantities of earth before the
construction of roads or buildings
commences and can be categorised into
two sections:
 Earthworks involved in major civil
engineering contracts, e.g. motorways,
railways, open-cast mining.
 On site regrade for estate roads, housing
and commercial developments.
 The following information is for the
assistance of the engineer supervising the
necessary regrade for the second category.
General guidance is given in BS 6031.
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.2. Embankments and filling

 The checks that need to be
made before work starts include
the stability and levels of the
original ground or foundations at
the base or top of embankments,
selection of suitable fill material
and the stability and profiles of
side slopes.
 If a full soils report was not
available at the time of design,
certain assumptions mayhave Backfill Material Specification
been made regarding the ground
conditions.
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.3. Existing services

 Underground services can
cause major problems on site
especially when their location
is in doubt.
 Overhead services can also
restrict the operation of crane
jibs, tipping wagons,
mechanical excavators etc.
excavation equipment might be

necessary for your project
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.4. Filling material

 It is easier to define materials that are generally unsuitable
for reuse, such as:
 material from swamps, marshes and bogs.
 peat, logs, stumps and perishable materials.
 materials susceptible to spontaneous combustion.
 material in a frozen condition.
 soft clays.
 material having a moisture content greater than that required
to give the specified standard of compaction.
 rock material which swells when exposed to air or moisture.
 chemically contaminated material (e.g. industrial waste).
 Some demolition material.

7.6. REGRADING
Filling material
42
7.6. REGRADING

 Other factors which need investigation:
 The chemical characteristics and compatibility of the soils
when they are in contact with foundations of buildings, roads,
sewers and services so that the appropriate precautions can
be taken.
 Sulphates (see BS 8004).
 Frost susceptibility, especially related to sub-grade for road
construction or exposed ground-bearing slabs.
 Industrial waste.

7.6. REGRADING
7.6.5. Stripping
 Stripping of topsoil to a minimum and only remove as
necessary, taking into account the nature of the subsoil and the
use of special earth moving plant. For example, clay subsoil
deteriorates when exposed to wet weather and easily becomes
unworkable:
 The location and size of spoil heaps should be carefully
planned considering:
 The need to keep the topsoil on site.
 Is the topsoil reusable?
 Where the topsoil is to be replaced
 Period of time before topsoil is to be reused
 Working areas for construction
 Stability of slopes.
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.6. Stability of slopes

 Determine the slope
corresponding to the type of
material, consider making sure
top of the slope and foot slopes
safe.
 Where softer material
overlies rock, excavate the
former at a flatter slope than the
latter and leave a berm or
horizontal ledge at the junction
of the two materials.

7.6. REGRADING
7.6.7. Slippages
 These can occur on slopes without any apparent warning.
Some causes are:
 Excavation or erosion at or near the toe of a slope
 Additional loading at the top of a slope caused by spoil
dumps, traffic, building, plant tipping etc.
 Increase in weight of soil by taking up water
 Steepening of slope
 Increase in internal water pressure
 Softening of clay soils
 Surface drying of clay soils causing shrinkage cracking with
consequent water penetration
 Increase in water table increases buoyancy of granular soils
 Removal of vegetation binding the surface soil.
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.8. Filling
 Before starting, consider the stability of the material on which
the filling is to be founded - the additional weight may cause
problems. In general, topsoil must be removed before filling
commences.
 The choice of suitable fill materials depends on:
 The purpose of the embankment
 Availability of local material
 Consolidation and settlement properties of the material
 Wet weather working
 Type of plant to be used
 arrange drainage ditch at the foot of the slope, especially
when the landfill was conducted, and the landfill through
locations with existing sewer continuous flow
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.9. Compaction and testing

 Correct compaction of
embankments is essential
and must be strictly in
accordance with drawings
and specification.
 Choice of the most
suitable compaction plant
and careful planning are
essential for the most
economic results.

7.6. REGRADING
7.6.9. Compaction and testing

 For general fill areas, the
specification will usually require
that the in situ density is a
percentage of maximum dry
density, usually 95%. The strength
of the formation for road
construction will usually be
specified as a percentage
California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
The CBR tests can be carried out
in the laboratory but some
California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
Highway Authorities may require in
situ CBR tests. See also BS 1377.
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.10. Quantities and planning

 The design should have
ensured the most economical
balance between cut and fill,
make use of local sources of
natural materials.
 If the designed levels are
the most economical, the
locations of the cut and fill
areas should be available and
careful planning of haul routes
and working methods should
be completed before starting
work.
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.10. Quantities and planning

 Check any quantities provided and check whether or not
they include construction thicknesses of any surfacing or
sub-base.
 Adequate soil volume information is required for the most
economical construction planning, using only the total
volume of excavation and backfill in m3, not using the depth
and area information if they cannot be determined. When
handling soil, the swelling of the soil must be taken into
account.
 Before starting work at the site, it is necessary to re-
determine the net elevation compared to the initial survey. A
long time from survey to construction may affect the
construction site.
7.6. REGRADING
7.6.11. Drawings
 The regrade information will generally be shown on the
following drawings.
 Road longitudinal sections augmented by the road construction
details showing the construction depths
 Show finishing lines that overlap existing natural ground lines,
point elevation can clarify points that are not on the elevation grid,
tight drawing layout
 The cross section of the building fully represents the natural
elevation and design elevation
 Divide drawings into construction areas and distinguish them
by color
 Quantities produced using computers

7.6. REGRADING

7.7. Minor regrading or landscaping

7.7. MINOR REGRADING OR LANDSCAPING
 This is the process of arranging
layout and usage on the ground
with related elements. In this
process, the designer must give the
optimal solutions in order of priority.
 Make a plan to reduce the
repeated handling of materials
when conducting construction and
limit environmental pollution
caused by construction waste. In
case of using excavated materials
to fill other places, the feasibility of
excavation, filling and
transportation must be ensured.

7.7. MINOR REGRADING OR LANDSCAPING
 Surplus and poor quality

fill may often be used in
open space areas provided
that the final surface is
adequately drained and
stable.
 When there is a shortage
of backfilling materials, they
must immediately notify the
design engineer, so that the
design engineer can re-
design with other alternative
materials.

7.8. River bank retention

7.8. RIVER BANK RETENTION
 There are many methods
available with different costs.
Temporary works may be
constructed to support the
completion of the main works.
Such temporary works must be
designed by a professional
engineer.
 This design is influenced by
importance, design life, cost,
regulatory approval, hydraulic
properties of the water source,
and ease of maintenance. The
main types are:

 Bagwork:
 Bags filled with dry
concrete or sand and cement.
They are interlocked (like
interlocking bricks), only
suitable for shallow depths
with relatively quiet flows.
 Concrete lining:
 This method can be used
or not, if not used this method
must ensure the protection
against erosion and shore
damage.

 Interlocking steel sheet
piling
 This method is suitable when
steep slopes form a continuous
wall. Where there is a possibility
of erosion, measures should be
taken to protect the piles from
damage. if the pile height is low,
it can work as conson, if the pile
height is large, the top of the pile
needs to be anchored to the Interlocking concrete blocks
main pile or concrete block.
 Interlocking concrete blocks
 These come in many shapes, sizes and finishes depending on the
service requirements. The method of construction and use will depend on
the type specified
Interlocking concrete blocks

 Stone and block pitching
 This is similar to interlocking
concrete systems, except natural
stone or cut blocks are used. Joints
may be pointed with sand/cement or
asphaltic mastic to improve stability.
Asphaltic mastic is preferred to allow
small movements without cracking
 Gabions Gabions
 Steel cages filled with broken
stone or bricks inside, For added
stability, asphalt can be used to seal
the joints
 Geotextiles
 There are many recent advances
in the use of geotextiles Geotextiles
7.9. Retaining walls

7.9. RETAINING WALLS
 All retaining walls must be

properly designed and construction
details provided by the engineer.
Construction must be in
accordance with the specified
requirements. Take particular care
with backfilling and back drainage
which can cause severe instability
if not carried out properly. The wall
must not be surcharged during or
after construction unless so
designed.

 An outline of the principal forms
of retaining walls is given below.
 Reinforced concrete:
 Usually used for high ground
walls, and places where space is
limited
 Reinforced concrete walls are
stable when placed on the ground
and are suitably subjected to
horizontal soil loads. In addition, the
arrangement of the foundation for
the retaining wall also helps to
increase the stability. Pile
foundation can be used for retaining
walls where the ground is weak.
Reinforced concrete walls with loads

 Mass concrete:
 These rely on the soil foundation and their own mass to retain
the soil behind. They are infrequently used nowadays as cheaper
alternatives are available
 Brickwork:
 There is a significant difference between low brick retaining
wall and high brick wall. In general, it is cheaper to build a
reinforced concrete retaining wall than a brick retaining wall, and
thus huge brick retaining walls are no longer built.
 Used for low and medium height retaining walls, it is important
in construction to tie the reinforcement properly and pour the
concrete at the specified level.

 Crib wall:
 This is made from
interlocking precast concrete
or treated timber
components which form a
three-dimensional grid. This
is then infilled with non-
cohesive soil or stone or
both to form a mass-type
retaining wall.
 Although these types of
walls are easy to assemble
and modify, it is essential
that they are built in
accordance with a proper
design and specification.
 Reinforced earth:
 It is ideal for reinforcing a road embankment where a battered
slope would occupy too much space.
 It is built by joining precast concrete slabs together and
placed on the foundation, between two concrete layers will be
inserted sand or gravel. Wall height can be increased by adding
concrete slabs.
 Geotextile:
 Systems such as the ‘Tensar Geogrid’ use a polypropylene
mesh interwoven between successive layers of soil: this acts as
reinforcement between the soil layers producing a composite
mass. Vegetation will grow on the exposed face to bind the soil
further

Tensar Geogrid

Geotextile for excavation

 Paving slab:
 Plastering tiles on top of the soil is a very cheap method to
use where space is limited. When the soil elevation changes or
runs downhill, the subfloor must be cut to the slope and not
stepped, which will result in an unsightly appearance. In certain
cases, it may be necessary to arrange moisture protection
Laying a paving slab

7.10. Excavations and stability of

ground,slopes and rock faces

7.10. EXCAVATIONS AND STABILITY OF
GROUND, SLOPES AND ROCK FACES
 For open excavations,
two main factors govern
the angle of slope. First,
consider the type of
ground, and second,
the possible damage
caused by a slip. Flow
of groundwater or Best dewatering method for mass
interference with the flow excavation
could initiate a slip.
Drainage may be
required to direct surface
water away from the
slope.
 Mass movements of the
ground can occur due to mining
subsidence, swallow holes, land
slips on unstable slopes, rock
falls, creep on clay slopes and
frost or water damage to newly
Mass movements
exposed faces. The sides of
rock excavations must not be
assumed
 The stability of the rock layer
depends on the angle of the
plane under it and the degree of
fragmentation and
fragmentation of the rock. Physical Causes And Consequences Of Mass
Movement
Hydraulic soldier shoring using soil arching

7.11. Steel sheet piling

7.11. STEEL SHEET PILING
7.11.1. Method and safety

 The piling contractor shall be
required to provide the
construction method. Find out
what training and specific
requirements are required
provided by the site supervisor
immediately to the piling workers.
 Note that cranes must be selected and used in accordance
with CP3010 and Building Regulations (Forklift Operations)
1998. The baseplate provided must be sturdy and withstand
the appropriate load when in use.


 Check that cores of pendant/bridle
ropes are not fractured
 Any crane used for raising or
lowering operatives must be fitted
with a dead man’s handle and the
descent must be effectively
controlled; the latter may be
achieved by power lowering.  All lifting appliances
Properly constructed man-carrying and gear must carry
cages, which are unable to spin or appropriate certificates of
tip, must be used. The cages should test and examination, and
be regularly and carefully inspected must be adequate for the
job

 All personnel working on piling
operations must wear safety
helmets, ear and eye protection
should be provided
 Piling machine operators must be
at least 18 years of age, trained,
competent, medically fit and
authorised by site management to
operate the machine
 While piling on the water, rescue
equipment must be kept ready for
immediate use and enough
operatives must know how to use it.

7.11.2. Materials handling

 When splitting bundles of
sheet piles, use chocks. If large
quantities of piles are handled,
the use of purpose-made strops
and grips is advised.
 Piles should not be stacked
too high or in a cantilever
position. Use spacers and
chocks where necessary.
Tubular piles should not be
stacked more than four high
and should be properly
chocked.
7.11.2. Materials handling

 When lifting piles or piling
hammers, use hand lines to
control the load. Give due
consideration to wind speed
during the operation.
 Check the dimensions and
alignment of clutches. If
necessary perform trial Types of Pile Driving Equipments
clutching of piles
7.11.3. Gate systems


 Positioning and driving of sheet piles is usually done using
temporary support structures. This part is made up of steel or
wood.
 The H-frame supports the guide rails with a horizontal H-
beam. H-frames can be used to spread steel or special cast
concrete blocks.
 Make sure there is enough foundation under these frames and
bases to prevent settlement and tipping during piling. This
especially applies when working in rivers.
 If concrete blocks are used, ensure that they are properly
reinforced to withstand lifting and impact loads. The vertical steel
column should have good stability. The stakes must not be cast
vertically into blocks that must be the wedge and screw.

 All supports with pedestals
above 2 m high, or above any
potentially hazardous areas, must
be provided with railings, work
platforms and stairs.
 Ladders must be secured and
extend at least l m above staging
 When piling is progressing and
temporary piles are used to
support the gate system, use
purpose-made brackets and bolt
them to the piles. Any welding
necessary should be carried out by
competent welders Steel Sheet Piling Works
 If shackle holes have to be burned in the pile,
remove sharp burrs to prevent damage to shackle
pins.
 Use quick-release shackles wherever possible
 the sheet pile must not be lifted vertically
without first checking that the pin is properly
engaged through the sheet
 do not use a pull rope less than 5 mm diameter
 the length of rope used must be less than the
length of the pile, to prevent the extra rope
snagging and pulling the release for the shackle
secure the rope around the sheet pile to prevent
snagging
 if a special lifting eye is to be welded to the pile
for angled pitching, the weld should have a factor
of safety of at least 2
 Pitch long sheet piles with
a pile threader, following the
manufacturer’s guidance for
use. Where this is not
possible, use a pile pitching
cage.
 When feeding sheet piles
through the top and bottom
gates, use wood blocks or a
bent bar. Never use a
straight pinch bar, as fingers
can easily be trapped.

7.11.4. Pitching piles
 Pitch long sheet piles with a
pile threader, following the
manufacturer’s guidance for
use. Where this is not possible,
use a pile pitching cage.
 When feeding sheet piles
through the top and bottom
gates, use wood blocks or a
bent bar. Never use a straight
pinch bar, as fingers can easily
be trapped.

 Where access and work is carried out from ladders:
 Clutching: the ladder must be placed in the valley of a
previously placed pile; the ladder must be footed and when at
the top of the ladder both hands are required for clutching, a
safety belt must be worn and secured to the pile using a
manlock
 Wedging: the ladder must be placed against the H-beam
and footed wedges should be pre-placed on the beam
 At all times safety helmets and footware must be worn.
When working at height the helmet should be secured with
retaining strap

 Changes in work method
 The work method must not be
changed without consultation of the
senior site representative
responsible for the piling operation
 If windy conditions make the
handling of the sheet piles difficult,
stop work until the senior site
representative responsible for the
piling operation has been consulted
and a safe method of continuing the
work has been devised

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION !!

Thuyết Trình-Nhóm 2

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HCMC UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

Hồ Chí Minh City, 7/2021

No. Full Name ID Duties

2 Nguyễn Hữu Hoài 19649032 Translation and presentations

3 Nguyễn Thanh Điền 19849012 Translation and find pictures

4 Nguyễn Đình Dương 19649029 Translation and find pictures

5 Lê Trọng Hiếu 19649031 Translation and find pictures

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 2

 Clear drawings and specifications

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 3

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 4

7.1. Site investigations

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 5

 Ensure legal requirements

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 7

7.1.2. Contaminated ground

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 8

7.1.3. Code of Practice

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 9

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 10

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 12

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 13

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 15

How an excavator can come in contact with live power lines

7.2.3. Standard solutions

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7.2.3. Standard solutions

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 20

7.2.3. Standard solutions

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 21

7.2.3. Standard solutions

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 22

7.2.3. Standard solutions

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 23

7.3. Geotechnical process of

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 24

7.3.2. Exclusion of water

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 26

Principle Scheme of the

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 27

7.4. Removal of water from excavations

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 28

 When soil conditions are such

 The resulting changes in groundwater levels, and the re-

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 30

 The requirements of the

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 31

Wellpoints surrounding an excavation

7.5. Ground treatment to change the

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 33

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 34

Injection of grout into the ground

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 36

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 37

7.6.2. Embankments and filling

7.6.3. Existing services

excavation equipment might be

7.6.4. Filling material

Construction Maintenance, Repair and Upgrade | Group 2 Page 41

7.6.4. Filling material

7.6.4. Filling material