Quadrilaterals and Polygons

Polygon: A plane figure that is formed by three or more segments (no two of which are
collinear), and each segment (side) intersects at exactly two other sides – one at each
endpoint (Vertex).
Which of the following diagrams are polygons?
 Polygons are Named & Classified by the Number of Sides They Have

# of Sides Type of Polygon # of Sides Type of Polygon

3 Triangle 8 Octagon
4 Quadrilateral 9 Nonagon
5 Pentagon 10 Decagon
6 12 Dodagon
Hexagon
7 # N-gon
Heptagon

What type of polygons are the following?

 Convex and Concave Polygons

Convex – A polygon is convex if no line that contains a side of the polygon contains a
point in the interior of the polygon.
Concave – A polygon that is not convex

Interior Interior

Equilateral, Equiangular, and Regular

 Diagonals and Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral

Diagonal – a segment that connects to non-consecutive vertices.

Theorem 6.1 – Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral Theorem

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360 O
m<1 + m<2 + m<3 + m<4 = 360o

80o 70o

xo 2xo
 Properties of Parallelograms

Theorem 6.2 Q R
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then
its opposite
_ _ sides _ are_congruent.
= RS and SP ~
PQ ~ = QR

P S

Theorem 6.3 Q R
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then it
opposite angles are congruent.
<P ~
= < R and < Q ~
=<S

P S
Theorem 6.4 Q R
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then
its consecutive angles are supplementary.
m<P + m<Q = 180o, m<Q + m<R = 180o
m<R + m<S = 180o, m<S + m<P = 180o
P S

Q R
Theorem 6.5
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then
its diagonals
_ _ bisect _ each_ other.
QM ~
= SM and PM ~
= RM
P S
 Using the Properties of Parallelograms

F 5 G
FGHJ is a parallelogram.
Find the length of: K 3
a. JH
b. JK
J H

Q R
PQRS is a parallelogram.
Find the angle measures:
a. m<R
b. m<Q
70o
P S

P Q
PQRS is a parallelogram.
Find the value of x

3xo 120o
S R
 Proofs Involving Parallelograms
A E B
2

1
Given: ABCD and AEFG are D C
parallelograms
~ 3
Prove: <1 = < 3 G F

Statements Reasons
1. ABCD & AEFG are Parallelograms 1. Given
2. <1 =~ < 2 2. Opposite Angles are congruent (6.3)
3. <2 =~ <3 3. Opposite Angles are Congruent (6.3)
4. <1 =~ <3 4. Transitive Property of Congruence

Plan: Show that both angles are congruent to <2

 Proving Theorem 6.2 A B

Given: ABCD is a parallelogram

_ _ _ _
~ ~
Prove: AB = CD, AD = CB D C

Statements Reasons
1. ABCD is a parallelogram
__ 1. Given
2. Draw Diagonal BD 2. Through any two points there
__ __ __ __ exists exactly one line
3. AB || CD, and AD || CB 3. Def. of a parallelogram
~
4. <ABD = < CDB 4. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
~
5. <ADB __ = <__CBD 5. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
~
6. DB = DB 6. Reflexive Property of Congruence
~
7. /\ ADB
__ = /\__CBD
__ __ 7. ASA Congruence Postulate
~
8. AB = CD, AD = CB ~ 8. CPCTC

Plan: Insert a diagonal which will allow us to divide the parallelogram into two triangles
 Proving Quadrilaterals are Parallelograms

Q R
Theorem 6.6
If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral
are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram
P S

Theorem 6.7 Q R
If both pairs of opposite angles of a
quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram

P S

Q R
Theorem 6.8 (180-x)o x o

If an angle of a quadrilateral is supplementary to both

of its consecutive angles, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram
P S

xo Q R
Theorem 6.9
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram

P S
 Concept Summary – Proving Quadrilaterals are Parallelograms

• Show that both pairs of opposite sides are congruent

• Show that both pairs of opposite sides are parallel

•Show that both pairs of opposite angles are congruent

• Show that one angle is supplementary to BOTH consecutive interior <‘s

• Show that the diagonals bisect each other

• Show that one pair of opposite sides are both congruent and ||
 Proving Quadrilaterals are Parallelograms – Coordinate Geometry

How can we prove that the Quad is

a parallelogram?

1. Slope - Opposite Sides ||

C(6,5)

B(1,3)

2. Length (Distance Formula) –

Opposite sides same length

D (7,1)

A(2, -1)
3. Combination – Show One pair
of opposite sides both || and
congruent
 Rhombuses, Rectangles, and Squares

Rhombus – a Rectangle – a Square – a

parallelogram with parallelogram with parallelogram with
four congruent sides four right angles four congruent
sides and four
right angles

Parallelograms

Rhombuses Rectangles
Squares
 Using Properties of Special Triangles
A B

If ABCD is a rectangle, what else do you know about ABCD?

C D

Corollaries about Special Quadrilaterals

Rhombus Corollary – A quad is a rhombus if and only if it has four congruent sides
Rectangle Corollary – A quad is a rectangle if and only if it has four right angles
Square Corollary – A quad is a square if and only if it is a rhombus and a rectangle

How can we use these special properties and corollaries of a Rhombus?

P Q

2y + 3

S 5y - 6 R
 Using Diagonals of Special Parallelograms

Theorem 6.11:
A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if its diagonals are perpendicular

Theorem 6.12:
A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if each diagonal bisects a pair of
opposite angles.

Theorem 6.13:
A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if its diagonals are congruent
Decide if the statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
1. A rhombus is equilateral. Always

2. The diagonals of a rectangle are _|_. Sometimes

3. The opposite angles of a rhombus are supplementary. Sometimes

4. A square is a rectangle. Always

5. The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other. Always

6. The consecutive angles of a square are supplementary. Always

A B

Quadrilateral ABCD is Rhombus.

E
7. If m <BAE = 32o, find m<ECD. 32o
8. If m<EDC = 43o, find m<CBA. 86o
9. If m<EAB = 57o, find m<ADC. 66o D C
10. If m<BEC = (3x -15) solve for x. 35
o, o

11. If m<ADE = ((5x – 8)o and m<CBE = (3x +24)o, solve for
16x
12. If m<BAD = (4x + 14)o and m<ABC = (2x + 10)o, solve for x. 26
 Coordinate Proofs Using the Properties of
Rhombuses, Rectangles and Squares

Using the distance formula and slope, how can we determine the specific
shape of a parallelogram?
Rhombus –

Rectangle –

Square -

Based on the following Coordinate values, determine if each parallelogram

is a rhombus, a rectangle, or square.

P (-2, 3) P(-4, 0)
Q(-2, -4) Q(3, 7)
R(2, -4) R(6, 4)
S(2, 3) S(-1, -3)
 H I

O
Given: HIJK is a parallelogram
/\ HOI ~
= /\ JOI
Prove: HIJK is a Rhombus
K J

Statements Reasons
 R E

Given: RECT is a Rectangle A

~
Prove: /\ ART = /\ ACE
T C
Statements Reasons
 P Q

Given: PQRT is a Rhombus

Prove: PR bisects <TPQ and < QRT,

and QT bisects <PTR and <PQP T R

Statements Reasons

Plan: First prove that Triangle PRQ is congruent to Triangle PRT; and Triangle
TPQ is congruent to Triangle TRQ
 Trapezoids and Kites

A Trapezoid is a Quad with exactly one

pair of parallel sides. The parallel sides A
> B
are the BASES. A Trapezoid has exactly
two pairs of BASE ANGLES

In trapezoid ABCD, Which 2 sides are the

bases? The legs? Name the pairs of D > C
base angles.

A B
>
If the legs of the trapezoid are congruent,
then the trapezoid is an Isosceles Trapezoid.

D > C
 Theorems of Trapezoids

A B
>
Theorem 6.14
If a trapezoid is isosceles, then each pair of base angles is
congruent.
<A ~
= <B ~= <C ~= <D

D > C

A B
Theorem 6.15 >
If a trapezoid has a pair of congruent base angles,
then it is an isosceles trapezoid.
ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid

D > C
A B
Theorem 6.16 >
A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if its diagonals are
congruent. _ _
ABCD is isosceles if and only if AC ~ = BD

D > C
 Kites and Theorems about Kites

A kite is a quadrilateral that has two

pairs of consecutive congruent sides,
But opposite sides are NOT
congruent.

Theorem 6.18
If a Quad is a Kite, then its diagonals are
perpendicular.

Theorem 6.19
If a Quad is a kite then exactly one pair of
opposite angles are congruent
 Using the Properties of a Kite
X

Find the length of WX, XY, YZ, and WZ.

12

20 U 12
W Y

12

Find the angle measures of <HJK and < HGK J

H 132o 60 o K

G
 Summarizing the Properties of Quadrilaterals

Quadrilaterals

Kites Parallelograms Trapezoids

______________ _________________ ________________

Rhombus Squares Rectangles Isosceles Trap.

____________ _____________ ____________ ______________
 Properties of Quadrilaterals

Property Rectangle Rhombus Square Kite Trapezoid

Both pairs of Opp.
sides a || X X X X
Exactly one pair of
Opp. Sides are || X
Diagonals are _|_
Diagonals are = X X X
Diagonals Bisect X X
each other
X X X X
Both pairs of Opp.
Sides are = X X X X
Exactly one pair of
opp. Sides are =
All Sides are =
Both pairs of Opp. X X
<'s are =
X X X X
Exactly one pair of
Opp <'s are = X
All <'s are =
X X
 Using Area Formulas

Area of a Square Postulate

The area of a square is the square of the length of its side.

Area Congruence Postulate

If two polygons are congruent then they have the same area.

Area Addition Postulate

The area of a region is the sum of the area of its non-overlapping sides.

Area of a Rectangle h
The area of a rectangle is the product of its base and height.
A = bh
b
Area of a Parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram is the product of a base, and it’s
h
corresponding height
A = bh
b
Area of a Triangle
The area of a triangle is one half the product of a base and its
corresponding height h
A = ½bh
b
 Q

R P O
Given: /\ RQP ~= /\ ONP __
R is the midpoint of MQ
Prove: MRON is a parallelogram
M N
Statements Reasons
~
1. /\ RQP = /\ ONP 1. Given
R is the midpoint of MQ
__ __
~
2. MR = RQ 2. Definition of a midpoint
__ __
3. RQ ~= NO 3. CPCTC
__ __
~
4. MR = NO 4. Transitive Property of Congruency

5. <QRP ~= < NOP 5. CPCTC

__ __
6. MQ || NO 6. Alternate Interior <‘s Converse

7. MRON is a parallelogram 7. Theorem 6.10

 U V W
2 3 4
1

Given: UWXZ is a parallelogram, <1 ~

= <8 8
Prove: UVXY is a parallelogram 5 6 7
Z Y X
Statements Reasons
1. UWXZ is a parallelogram 1. Given
__ __
2. UW || ZX 2. Definition of a parallelogram
__ __
3. UV || YX 3. Segments of Congruent Segments

~
4. <Z = <W 4. Opposite <‘s of a parallelogram are =

5. <1 = <8~ 5. Given

6. <5 = <4~ 6. Third Angles Theorem

6. <4 = <7~ 7. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

6. <5 = <7~ 8. Transitive Property of Congruence

__ __
7. UY || VX 9. Corresponding Angles Converse

8. UVXY is a parallelogram 10. Definition of a Parallelogram

 L K J

M
Given: GIJL is a parallelogram

Prove: HIKL is a parallelogram

G H I

Statements Reasons
1. GIJL is a parallelogram 1. Given
__ __
2. GI || LJ 2. Definition of a parallelogram
~
3. <GIL = <JLI 3. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

4. GJ Bisects LI 4. Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect

__ ~ __
5. MI = ML 5. Definition of a Segment Bisector

6. <HMI ~= <KML 6. Vertical Angles Theorem

7. /\ HMI ~
= /\ KML 7. ASA Congruence Postulate
__ ~ __
8. MH = MK 8. CPCTC

9. HK and IL Bisect Each other 9. Definition of a Segment Bisector

10. HIKL is a parallelogram 10. Theorem 6.9