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Prena TAL Care: Princess Palabrica
Prena TAL Care: Princess Palabrica
Prena TAL Care: Princess Palabrica
TAL
CARE
Princess Palabrica
USTH OB-GYN
Table of Contents
01 02 03
Diagnosis of Initial Subsequent
Pregnancy Prenatal Prenatal Visits
Evaluation
04 05
Nutritional Common
Counseling Concerns
01.
Diagnosis of
Pregnancy ?
Diagnosis of Pregnancy
Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas Mercury is the closest planet to the
Neptune is the fourth-largest planet
giant, composed mostly of Sun and the smallest one in our
by diameter in our Solar System
hydrogen and helium Solar System
Initial
02. Prenatal
Evaluation
Initial Prenatal Evaluation
Major goals
B – Test should be offered D - High-risk women should be screened at the first prenatal visit and again in
C – High-risk women should be retested at the the third trimester.
beginning of the third trimester. E - Rectovaginal culture should be obtained between 35 and 37 weeks.
Prenatal Record: Definitions
A woman who is currently not pregnant nor has ever been
NULLIGRAVIDA
pregnant
A woman who currently is pregnant or has been in the past,
irrespective of the pregnancy outcome
GRAVIDA
Establishment of first pregnancy: primigravida
Successive pregnancies: multigravida
A woman who has never completed a pregnancy beyond 20
NULLIPARA
weeks’ age of gestation
A woman who has been delivered only once of a fetus or fetuses
PRIMIPARA born alive or dead with an estimated length of gestation of 20
or more weeks
Completed 2 or more pregnancies to 20 weeks gestation or
MULTIPARA more. Parity is determined by the number of pregnancies reaching
20 weeks and not by the number of fetuses delivered
(3003)
B.
G4P2(2022)
C. G1P1
(2002)
D. G1P0
(0010)
E. G2P1
(1011)
Prenatal Record: Normal Pregnancy
Duration
MEAN DURATION FROM LAST
NORMAL MENSTRUAL PERIOD 280 days
(GESTATIONAL AGE OR 40 weeks
MENSTRUAL AGE)
EXPECTED DATE OF DELIVERY LMP + 7 days then
(NAEGELE’s RULE) count back 3 months
Prenatal Record: Trimesters
3 TRIMESTERS
1st Until completion of 14
weeks
2nd Until completion of 28
weeks
3rd 29th through 42nd weeks of
pregnancy
Prenatal Record: Previous and Current
Health Status
PAST MEDICAL Any medical or surgical disorders
HISTORY
OBSTETRICAL Many obstetrical complications tend to recur in
HISTORY subsequent pregnancies
MENSTRUAL HISTORY Ovulatory cycles important for accurate dating of
pregnancy by history and PE
CONTRACEPTIVE Ovulation may not have resumed 2 weeks after onset
HISTORY of the last withdrawal bleeding
Some methods of contraception favor ectopic
implantation following method failure
Prenatal Record: Previous and Current
Health Status
PYSCHOSOCIAL Any barriers to care, communication obstacles,
SCREENING nutritional status, unstable housing, desire for
pregnancy, safety concerns, depression, stress, use
of substances
At least once per trimester
CIGARETTE SMOKING Greater rates of miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth
weight, preterm delivery
Twofold risk of placenta previa, placental abruption,
and premature membrane rupture
5 A’s of smoking cessation: ASK, ADVICE, ASSESS,
ASSIST, ARRANGE
Prenatal Record: Previous and Current
Health Status
ETHANOL Potent teratogen and causes FETAL
ALCOHOL SYNDROME
• Growth restriction
• Facial abnormalities
• CNS dysfunction
Preterm delivery
Fetal growth restriction
Perinatal death
Frequency of screening:
First prenatal visit
At least once per trimester
Postpartum visit
renatal Record: Clinical Evaluation
PELVIC EXAMINATION
SPECULUM EXAM CERVIX: bluish-red passive hyperemia
Nabothian cysts
Not normally dilated except at the external os
Pap smear is obtained
Specimen for N. gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis are
obtained when indicated
BIMANUAL Consistency, length, and dilatation of the cervix
EXAMINATION Uterine and adnexal size
Bony architecture of the pelvis
Fetal presentation later in pregnancy
Anomalies/lesions of the vagina and perineum
Vulvar inspection
DIGITAL RECTAL Performed as reuired for rectal pain, bleeding or mass
EXAMINATION
renatal Record: Clinical Evaluation
Gestational Age
Assessment
Precise knowledge of
gestational age is one of
the most important
aspects of prenatal care
First trimester ultrasound
is best correlated with
menstrual history
Can also be estimated by
Prenatal Record: Laboratory Tests
Weeks
First Visit 15–20 24–28 29–41
LABORATORY TESTS
Hematocrit or Hemoglobin * *
Blood type & Rh factor *
Antibody screen * A
Pap smear screening *
Glucose tolerance test *
Fetal aneuploidy screening Ba and/or B
Neural-tube defect screening B
Cystic fibrosis screening B or B
B – Test should be offered D - High-risk women should be screened at the first prenatal visit and again in
C – High-risk women should be retested at the the third trimester.
beginning of the third trimester. E - Rectovaginal culture should be obtained between 35 and 37 weeks.
Prenatal Record: Pregnancy Risk
Assessment
Conditions for Which Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consultation May Be Beneficial
Medical History and Conditions
Cardiac disease-moderate to severe disorders
Diabetes mellitus with evidence of end-organ damage or uncontrolled hyperglycemia
Family or personal history of genetic abnormalities
Hemoglobinopathy
Chronic hypertension if uncontrolled or associated with renal r cardiac disease
Renal insuficiency if associated with significant proteinuria (>/=500 mg/24 hour), serum
creatinine >/=1.5 mg/dL, or hypertension
Pulmonary disease if severe restrictive or obstructive, including severe asthma
Human immunodeficiency virus infection
Prior pulmonary embolus or deep-vein thrombosis
Severe systemic disease, including autoimmune conditions
Bariatric surgery
Epilepsy if poorly controlled or requires more than one anticonvulsant
Cancer, especially iftreatment is indicated in pregnancy
Prenatal Record: Pregnancy Risk
Assessment
Conditions for Which Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consultation
May Be Beneficial
Obstetrical History and Conditions
CDE (Rh) or other blood group alloimmunization (excluding ABO, Lewis)
Prior or current fetal structural or chromosomal abnormality
Desire or need for prenatal diagnosis or fetal therapy
Periconceptional exposure to known teratogens
Infection with or exposure to organisms that cause congenital infection
Higher-order multifetal gestation
Severe disorders of amnionic fluid volume
03.Subsequent
Prenatal
Visits
Subsequent Prenatal Visits
Weekly thereafter
80,000 kcal
100-300 kcal/day
AAP and ACOG, 2017
1 g/kg/day
doubled in late gestation
Minerals
Minerals
IRON Iron requirement by mid-pregnancy due to expanding plasma
volume = 7 mg/day
300 mg transferred to the fetus
500 mg incorporated into the expanding maternal Hb mass
Recommended daily ferrous iron supplement = 27 mg of
elemental iron
Increase to 60 – 100 mg/day if
• large woman
• twin fetuses
• late iron supplementation
• irregular intake Minerals
• depressed hemoglobin levels
Ingest at bedtime or on empty stomach to facilitate absorption
and minimize adverse GI reaction
Minerals
IODINE Recommended: 220 Lg/day
Use of iodized salt and bread products
Offset increased fetal requirements and maternal renal losses
Deficiency leads to endemic __________ multiple severe
neurological defects
CALCIUM 30 g is retained, most of which is deposited in the fetus late in
pregnancy
Most of total maternal calcium is deposited in the bone and can
be readily mobilized for fetal growth
ZINC Recommended daily intake = 12 mg
Deficiency leads to poor appetite, suboptimal growth, impaired
wound healing, dwarfism and hypogonadism
Minerals
MAGNESIUM Deficiency as a consequence of pregnancy has not been
recognized
TRACE All with important roles in certain enzyme functions
METALS Most are provided by an average diet
Minerals
(copper,
selenium, Selenium deficiency: fatal cardio myopathy in young children
and reproductive-aged women
chromium,
manganese) Selenium toxicity from over supplementation also observed
POTASSIUM Levels decline by approximately 0.5 mEq/L by mid-pregnancy
Develops in the same circumstances as in nonpregnant
individuals i.e. hyperemesis gravidarium
FLUORIDE Metabolism unchanged
Supplementation not required
Vitamins
Vitamins
FOLIC ACID Supplementation lowers neural tube defect risks
Daily intake of 400 mcg or 0.4 to 0.8 mg daily throughout
periconceptional period
If with prior child with NTD: 4mg folic acid before conception and
Minerals
during the first trimester decreases recurrence rate of NTD by
more than 70%
Should be consumed as a separate supplement to avoid excessive
intake of fat-soluble vitamins
VITAMIN A Associated with congenital malformations at doses >10,000 IU/day
Isotretinoin is a potent teratogen in humans
B-carotene has not been shown to produce vitamin A toxicity
Deficiency associated with increased risk of maternal anemia and
preterm birth, severe with night blindness
Vitamins
VITAMIN B12 Decrease in normal pregnancy due to decrease transcobalamins
(cobalamin) Occurs naturally in foods of animal origin
Deficient in vegetarians and excessive vitamin C ingestion
Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas Mercury is the closest planet to the
Neptune is the fourth-largest planet
giant, composed mostly of Sun and the smallest one in our
by diameter in our Solar System
hydrogen and helium Solar System
Identifying Information
Venus Mercury
Venus has a beautiful name and is the Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly and the smallest one in the Solar System
hot—even hotter than Mercury—and its —it’s only a bit larger than our Moon.
atmosphere is extremely poisonous. It’s The planet’s name has nothing to do with
the second-brightest natural object in the the liquid metal, since it was named after
night sky after the Moon the Roman messenger god
Patient Medical History
❏Age: 25-35 2008
❏Gender: female Neptune is the fourth-largest
planet by diameter in our Solar
❏Allergies: none System
❏Location: Madrid,
Spain 2013
Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a
❏Habits: unhealthy gas giant, composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium
eating, sedentary
lifestyle 2019
Venus has a beautiful name and
is the second planet from the
Sun. It’s terribly hot
Review of Systems
Neptune Saturn
Neptune is the Saturn is composed
03 smallest planet in
our Solar System 04 biggest planet in our
Solar System 05 Mars is actually a
cold place
Physical Examination
32%
Pluto
24%
Venus
12%
Saturn
32%
Mars
01
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot and its
atmosphere is extremely poisonous
02
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in our
Solar System. It’s also the fourth-brightest object
in the sky
03
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and also
the smallest one in our Solar System. It’s only a
bit larger than our Moon
03
Diagnosis
You could enter a subtitle here if you need it
Diagnosis
Neptune Mercury
Neptune is the fourth-largest Mercury is the closest planet to
planet by diameter in our Solar the Sun and the smallest one in
System our Solar System
Saturn Mars
Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a Despite being red, Mars is
gas giant, composed mostly of actually a cold place. It’s full of
hydrogen and helium iron oxide dust
Venus Jupiter
Venus has a beautiful name and It’s the fourth-brightest object in
is the second planet from the the sky and the biggest planet in
Sun. It’s terribly hot our Solar System
Comparison
01 02 03 04
Saturn
Venus
Jupiter
Pluto
04
Treatment
You could enter a subtitle here if you need it
Treatment
Mars is full of iron oxide
Week 1 dust, which gives the planet
its reddish cast
Mars
Saturn Week 3
Mercury is the
Venu Satu
Marss rn
closest planet to the
Pluto Sun Plut
o
Contraindications - Indications
Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a Despite being red, Mars is
gas giant, composed of actually a cold place. It’s full
hydrogen and helium of iron oxide dust
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