- L EG AL C O N S I DE R A T I O N S

ETHIC O
D I SS U E S IN T H E C A R E O F
AN
SICK MOTHER A ND C H IL D
CA RMINA O . F ABO NA N RN
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES
LESSON 5.1
ALTERNATIVE INSEMINATION
• ALTERNATIVE OR IUI IS THE INSTILLATION OF SPERM FROM A MASTURBATORY
SAMPLE INTO THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT BY MEANS OF A CANNULA TO AID
CONCEPTION AT THE TIME OF OVULATION (KOP, VAN WELY, MOL, ET AL., 2015).
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
• ONE OR MORE MATURE OOCYTES ARE REMOVED FROM A WOMAN’S OVARY BY
LAPAROSCOPY AND FERTILIZED BY EXPOSURE TO SPERM IN A LABORATORY.
GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN AND
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER
• GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT) PROCEDURES, OVA ARE
OBTAINED FROM OVARIES EXACTLY AS IN IVF. INSTEAD OF WAITING
FOR FERTILIZATION TO OCCUR IN THE LABORATORY, HOWEVER, BOTH
OVA AND SPERM ARE INSTILLED, WITHIN A MATTER OF HOURS, USING A
LAPAROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE, INTO THE OPEN END OF A PATENT
FALLOPIAN TUBE. FERTILIZATION THEN OCCURS IN THE TUBE, AND THE
ZYGOTE MOVES TO THE UTERUS FOR IMPLANTATION.

• ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (ZIFT) IS SIMILAR TO IVF IN THAT

THE EGG IS FERTILIZED IN THE LABORATORY, BUT LIKE GIFT, THE
FERTILIZED EGG IS TRANSFERRED BY LAPAROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE
INTO THE END OF A WAITING FALLOPIAN TUBE.
ETHICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS

• ETHICAL ISSUES ARISE AROUND THE CREATION, SELECTION, AND DISPOSAL OF EMBRYOS, AS WELL AS
AROUND COST, COVERAGE, ACCESS, AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION.

•  ETHICAL ISSUES AROUND THIRD-PARTY ASSISTED REPRODUCTION ARE COMPLEX AND INVOLVE THE
SELECTION AND SALE OF REPRODUCTIVE MATERIALS AND SERVICES, REGULATION, AND THE RIGHTS AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF COLLABORATORS.
• THE NONCOITAL MEANS OF CONCEPTION
• INEQUITABLE ACCESS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
• COMPLICATIONS OF PROCEDURE AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
• THE NEED FOR REGULATION
• FATE OF EXTRA EMBRYOS
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV
ALTERNATIVES TO CHILDBIRTH
LESSON 5.2
 SURROGATE MOTHERS
• A SURROGATE MOTHER IS A WOMAN WHO AGREES TO CARRY A PREGNANCY TO
TERM FOR A SUBFERTILE COUPLE OR AN LGBT COUPLE

ETHICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS

• IF THE SURROGATE MOTHER DECIDES AT THE END OF PREGNANCY THAT SHE HAS
FORMED AN ATTACHMENT TO THE FETUS AND WANTS TO KEEP THE BABY DESPITE
THE PRE-PREGNANCY AGREEMENT SHE SIGNED.

• IF THE CHILD IS BORN IMPERFECT AND THE SUBFERTILE COUPLE THEN NO LONGER
WANTS THE CHILD. WHO SHOULD HAVE RESPONSIBILITY IN THIS INSTANCE?

• A FEW OF THE MANY ISSUES RAISED BY SURROGACY INCLUDE: THE RIGHTS OF THE
CHILDREN PRODUCED; THE ETHICAL AND PRACTICAL RAMIFICATIONS OF THE
FURTHER COMMODIFICATION OF WOMEN’S BODIES; THE EXPLOITATION OF POOR
AND LOW INCOME WOMEN DESPERATE FOR MONEY; THE MORAL AND ETHICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF TRANSFORMING A NORMAL BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF A
WOMAN’S BODY INTO A COMMERCIAL TRANSACTION.
ADOPTION
• ADOPTION IS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR SUBFERTILE AND LGBT COUPLES, THOSE INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE
GENETIC-RELATED HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH CONDITIONS THAT WOULD MAKE PREGNANCY
HIGH RISK.

• ETHICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS

• WHAT HAPPEN IF THE ADOPTED CHILD LOOK FOR THEIR REAL PARENTS? ETHICAL ISSUES CHANGE OVER TIME
AS CHILDREN WHO WERE ADOPTED BECOME ADULTS AND MAY CHOOSE TO CLAIM THEIR RIGHT TO KNOW THEIR GENETIC AND
HISTORICAL IDENTITY.

• HOW WILL YOU EXPLAIN TO THE ADOPTED CHILD IF HIS/HER ADOPTIVE PARENTS IS A MEMBER OF
LGBT?
PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM

-DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT

-AGAINST SEXUAL HARRASTMENT
LESSON 5.3-5.4
• INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IS MALTREATMENT BY A FAMILY MEMBER AGAINST
ANOTHER ADULT LIVING IN THE HOUSEHOLD, SUCH AS A SPOUSE OR SIGNIFICANT
OTHER.

• ACCORDING TO THE 2017 NATIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY CONDUCTED

BY THE PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY, ONE IN FOUR FILIPINO WOMEN AGE 15-49
HAS EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE BY THEIR HUSBAND
OR PARTNER. IT IS INDEED ALARMING THAT DESPITE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS THE
CONCERN
REPUBLIC ACT 9262 OR THE ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN ACT OF 2004
• ANY ACT OR A SERIES OF ACTS COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON AGAINST A WOMAN WHO IS HIS WIFE, FORMER WIFE, OR AGAINST
A WOMAN WITH WHOM THE PERSON HAS OR HAD A SEXUAL OR DATING RELATIONSHIP, OR WITH WHOM HE HAS A COMMON
CHILD, OR AGAINST HER CHILD WHETHER LEGITIMATE OR ILLEGITIMATE, WITH OR WITHOUT THE FAMILY ABODE, WHICH
RESULT IN OR IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN PHYSICAL, SEXUAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM OR SUFFERING, OR ECONOMIC ABUSE
INCLUDING THREATS OF SUCH ACTS, BATTERY, ASSAULT, COERCION, HARASSMENT OR ARBITRARY DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY.”

• VAW INCLUDES, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE FOLLOWING ACTS:

• • PHYSICAL VIOLENCE OR THE ACT THAT INCLUDES BODILY OR PHYSICAL HARM
• • SEXUAL VIOLENCE OR THE ACT THAT IS SEXUAL IN NATURE, COMMITTED AGAINST A WOMAN OR HER CHILD
• • PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE OR THE ACT OR OMISSION THAT CAUSES OR LIKELY TO CAUSE MENTAL OR EMOTIONAL SUFFERING OF THE
VICTIM
• • ECONOMIC ABUSE OR THE ACT THAT MAKES OR ATTEMPTS TO MAKE A WOMAN FINANCIALLY DEPENDENT
MECHANISMS TO ADDRESS VAW

• INTER-AGENCY COUNCIL ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN

• INTER-AGENCY COUNCIL AGAINST-TRAFFICKING
• LOCAL COMMITTEE ON ANTI-TRAFFICKING AND VAW
• BARANGAY VAW DESK

SOURCE: HTTPS://PCW.GOV.PH/VIOLENCE-AGAINST-WOMEN/
NURSING DIAGNOSIS