Chapter 04-2 – Array

Introduction to Array
 An array is a group of memory locations related
by the fact that they all have the same name and
the same type
 To refer to a particular location or element in the
array, we specify the name of the array and the
position number (index/subscript) of the
particular element in the array
 The size of an array is static (fixed) throughout
program execution
 The compiler must reserve storage (space) for
each element/item of a declared array
 Eg. Program 3-11 (ex2.ppt)
Department of Engineering 2
Let say we have an array called a

Department of Engineering 3
Array Declaration
 You need to make a declaration before using
an array
 Array declaration is made by specifying the
data type, it’s name and the number of space
(size) so that the computer may reserve the
appropriate amount of memory
 General syntax:
data_type array_name[size];
 Examples:
 int my_array[100];
 char name[20];
 double bigval[5*200];
 int a[27], b[10], c[76];
Department of Engineering 4
Array Initialization
 There are 2 ways to initialize an array: during
compilation and during execution
1. During compilation:
 int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};  unsized array
 We can define how many elements that we want since the
array size is not given
 int arr[3] = {90, 21, 22};
 We can define only 3 elements since the array size is
already given.
2. During execution:
int arr[3], j;
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)
arr[j] = 0;

Department of Engineering 5
Examples Using Array
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 5 Output:
int main() { Element Value
int temp[SIZE], i;
printf(“%s%13s\n”, “Element”, 0 0
“Value”);
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) 1 9
temp[i] = i*9; 2 18
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
printf(“%7d%13d\n”, i, temp[i]); 3 27
return 0;
} 4 36
Press any key to continue
 In the example above, an array with the name temp and size 5
has been declared. The elements in the array has been given
the value position*9. The first for loop is equivalent to this:

temp[0] = 0*9, temp[1] = 1*9, temp[2] = 2*9, temp[3] =

3*9, temp[4] = 4*9
Department of Engineering 6
Another Example
//Histogram printing program
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
int main(){
int n[SIZE] = {19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 15, 17, 1};
int i, j;
printf("%s%13s%17s\n", "Element", "Value", "Histogram");

for(i=0; i<SIZE; i++) {

printf("%7d%13d ", i, n[i]);
for(j=1; j<=n[i]; j++) {
printf("%c", '*');
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Department of Engineering 7
Another Example (Cont.)
/*
Element Value Histogram
0 19 *******************
1 3 ***
2 15 ***************
3 7 *******
4 11 ***********
5 9 *********
6 13 *************
7 15 ***************
8 17 *****************
9 1 *
Press any key to continue
*/

Department of Engineering 8
Another Example (Cont.)
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10

int main( ) {
int i = 0, list[SIZE] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, total = 0;
for (; i < SIZE; i++) {
total += list[i];
}
printf(“Total of array element values is %d\n”, total);
return 0;
}

Output:
Total of array element values is 45

Department of Engineering 9
Assigning Value to Array
Element
 We can assign a value to a specific array element by using
its index number
 Example: let’s say we have an array that represent the
number of inhabitant in 5 unit apartments
int apartment[5]={3,2,6,4,5};
 The above initialization indicates that there are 3 people
living in apartment 0, 2 people living in apartment 1 and so
on
 Let say that we have a new born in apartment 3, so we
need to change the number of inhabitant living in
apartment three
apartment[3] = apartment[3] + 1;
 Now, we have the following values in our array:
 3,2,6,5,5

Department of Engineering 10
Reading Values from Array
Elements
 We can read a value from a specific array element by
referring to the index
 For example, let’s say we want to know how many people
leaving in apartment 3, we could simple do this:
int apartment[5] = {3,2,6,4,5};
int no_of_people;
no_of_people = apartment[3];
printf(“Apartment3 has %d people”, no_of_people);

 The above C code will produce the following output:

Apartment 3 has 4 people

Department of Engineering 11
Example 1: finding total
inhabitants
#include <stdio.h> "for" loops are ideal for processing
#define size 5 elements in the array
int main(void){
int apartment[size] = {3,2,6,4,5};
int index, total = 0;
for (index = 0; index < size; index++){
total = total + apartment[index];
}
printf("There are total of %d inhabitants",total);
return 0;
}
Output:
There are total of 20 inhabitants

Department of Engineering 12
Example 2: list down number of
inhabitants in each apartment
#include <stdio.h>
int main( ){
int apartment[5] = {3,2,6,4,5};
int index, total = 0;
printf("%-7s %-15s\n","Apt No", "No of people");

for (index = 0; index < 5; index++){

printf("%4d %10d\n",index,
apartment[index]);
}
return 0;
}

Department of Engineering 13
Example 2 Output
Apt No No of people
0 3
1 2
2 6
3 4
4 5

Department of Engineering 14
Relationship with Pointers
 The name of an array is actually a pointer to the first
element in the array
 Therefore, if we have:
int test[3] = {9, 10, 11};
printf(“%d”, *test);
The output would be: 9
 There are a few ways to traverse an array:
Using index Using pointers
int test[3] = {9, 10, 11}, k; int test[3] = {9, 10, 11}, k;
int *ptr= test;
for (k = 0; k < 3; k++) for (k = 0; k < 3; k++, ptr++)
printf(“%d\n”, test[k]); printf(“%d\n”, *ptr);

 Difference: Can change the contents of ptr, as in

ptr++ whereas the identifier "test" is not a variable
Department of Engineering 15
Passing Arrays to a Function
 A function that is going to receive an array
as one of the arguments can be declared
in 2 ways:
void Process(char name[ ]) OR
void Process(char *name)  pointer
 Any changes to the array inside the
function will also change the actual array
 Either the array is passed using [ ] or
using *, the array can be accessed in the
same way
Department of Engineering 16
Passing Arrays to a Function
(Cont.)
 When we want to pass an array to a
function, we need to know these 3 things
 How to write the function prototype?
 How to do function call?
 How does the function header would look like?
 Assume that we have the following array
declaration
int marks[10] = {0};

Department of Engineering 17
Passing Arrays to a Function
(Cont.)
 Say for example, we want to write a function, called get
marks, which will read marks from the user and store the
marks inside the array
 Function prototype:
/* data type with square bracket */
void get_marks(int [ ]);
void get_marks(int *); /*treating array as pointer */
 Function call:
get_marks(marks); /* just pass the array name */
 Function header:
void get_marks(int marks[ ])
void get_marks(int *marks) /*treating array as pointers */

Department of Engineering 18
Example 1: Parameter Passed as
an Array
#include <stdio.h>
#define size 10
void get_marks(int [ ]);
double calc_average(int [ ]);

int main( ){
int marks[size] = {0}; /*initializing the array*/
get_marks(marks); /* function call */
printf(“Average for marks given is %lf”,
calc_average(marks)); //}
return 0;
}

Department of Engineering 19
Example 1: Parameter Passed as
an Array (Cont.)
void get_marks(int marks[ ]){
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++){
printf("Marks student %d:", i + 1);
scanf("%d",&marks[i]);
}
}
double calc_average(int marks[ ]){
int total = 0, i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++){
total = total + marks[i];
}
return (double)total / size;
}
Department of Engineering 20
Example 2: Parameter Passed as
Pointers
 A function could also receive/treat array parameter as
pointer

#include <stdio.h>
#define size 10

void get_marks(int *); Observe the

double calc_average(int *); function prototypes

int main(){
int marks[size] = {0};
get_marks(marks);
printf("Average for marks given is %lf\n", calc_average(marks));
return 0;
}

Department of Engineering 21
Example 2: Parameter Passed as
Pointers (Cont.)
void get_marks(int *marks){ Manipulating the memory address
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; marks++){
printf("Marks student %d:", i + 1);
scanf("%d", marks);
}
}
double calc_average(int *marks){
int i, total = 0;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++, marks++){
total = total + *marks;
}
return (double)total / size;
} Pointer variable
Department of Engineering 22
Two-Dimensional Arrays
 A table.
 Data arranged in rows and columns.

Department of Engineering 23
Two-Dimensional Array

Department of Engineering 24
Two-Dimensional array indexing

Department of Engineering 25
Fill Two-D array
void fillArray (int table[][MAX_COLS], int numRows)
{
// Statements
for (int row = 0; row < numRows; row++)
{
table [row][0] = row * 10;
for (int col = 1; col < MAX_COLS; col++)
table [row][col] = table [row][col - 1] + 1;
} // for
return;
} // fillArray

Department of Engineering 26
Memory Layout

Department of Engineering 27
Fill 2-D array
#include <stdio.h>

#define MAX_ROWS 5
#define MAX_COLS 4

// Prototype Declarations
void fillArray (int table[][MAX_COLS], int numRows);

Department of Engineering 28
Fill 2-D array
int main (void)
{
// Local Declarations
int row;
int col;
int ary[MAX_ROWS][MAX_COLS];

// Statements
fillArray(ary, MAX_ROWS);
printf("Data: \n");
for (row = 0; row < MAX_ROWS; row++)
{
for (col = 0; col < MAX_COLS; col++)
printf("%8d", ary [row][col]);
printf("\n");
} // for
return 0;
} // main
Department of Engineering 29
Convert Table to 1-D array
#include <stdio.h>
#define ROWS 2
#define COLS 5

int main (void)

{
// Local Declarations
int table [ROWS] [COLS] =
{
{00, 01, 02, 03, 04},
{10, 11, 12, 13, 14}
}; // table
int line [ROWS * COLS];

Department of Engineering 30
Convert Table to 1-D array
for (int row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
for (int column = 0; column < COLS; column++)
line[row * COLS + column] = table[row][column];

for (int row = 0; row < ROWS * COLS; row++)

printf(" %02d ", line[row]);

return 0;
}//main

/* Results:
00 01 02 03 04 10 11 12 13 14
*/
Department of Engineering 31