Hygiene and baby cosmetics

Dr. Sanket Dharashivkar

 Antiperspirants and deodorants
 Antiperspirants and deodorants
 The cosmetics used to reduce the sweating are called as
antiperspirants whereas the cosmetics used to mask the bad
body odor due to sweating are called as deodorants.

 Perspiration occurs from sweat glands for regulating the

temperature of body and for avoiding the dryness of skin.
Eccrine and apocrine are the two types of sweat glands. The
eccrine glands are present on almost all the surface of body
whereas apocrine glands are present only in axillar area
pelvic region, and around the nipples. The secretion by
eccrine glands is highly dilute aqueous solution whereas the
secretion by apocrine glands is oily sticky solution.
 Antiperspirants and deodorants
 Sweats from both ecrine and apocrine glands are odourless
when secreted, later, sweat from apocrine glands which
contains several fatty substances is decomposed by resident
bacteria producing bad odor. Eccrine sweat helps in growth of
these bacteria by providing required moisture. So
antiperspirants or deodorants are used to reduce the sweating
and control or mask the bad body odor.

 MECHANISM OF WORKING: Deodorants work by any

one or combination of following mechanisms
 1) Reduction apocrine sweating
 2) Inhibiting bacterial growth
 3) Adsorption of body odor
 Antiperspirants and deodorants
 INGREDIENTS: Antiperspirant and deodorants are available in various
forms like liquid, cream, lotion, stick, powder and compact. They contain
any one or combination of following ingredients.
 Astringents: These are the main components of antiperspirant however
they are also added in deodorant formulations. They act by shrinkage of
cells there by blocking the opening of sweat duct. Astringents commonly
used are aluminium and zinc salts like aluminium chloride, aluminium
sulphate, aluminium chlorhydrate, and aluminium zirconium chlorhydrates.
 Antiperspirants and deodorants
 Adsorbents: Bad body odor is mainly due to the volatile acidic
substances which can be adsorbed using the adsorbents like
sodium bicarbonate to form nonvolatile odorless salt.
 Essential oils: They are mainly used as perfume in the
formulation of antiperspirants and deodorants. The perfume
used in antiperspirants and deodorants should be stable acidic
pH of these formulations.
 Dentifrices
 STRUCTURE OF TEETH
 Teeth has three parts, crown, neck, and root. The part of teeth
present above the gum is called as crown, the part present in
the gum is called as root and the part which connect crown
with root is called as neck.
 Dentifrices
 The root of teeth is protected by thin layer called as cementum
whereas the crown and neck of teeth are protected by layer of
enamel. Below the enamel and cementum lies one more layer
called dentine. The enamel is thickest at the apex of teeth and thin
at the neck.
 PROBLEMS OF TEETH
 Various problem that may occur to teeth are discussed below.
 Acquired pellicle: Deposition of thin layer of organic material like
muco-polysaccharide, protein etc on teeth is called as acquired
pellicle. It is free from bacteria.
 Materia alba: Mixture of food debris and bacteria deposited on
teeth is called as materia alba.
 Calculus/tartar: Mineralized deposit on teeth is called as calculus or
tartar.
 Dentifrices
 Plaque: Mucus layer deposition on teeth is called as plaque.
Plaque is the main factor in the development of caries. Plaque is
partly metabolized by bacteria into dextran and levan. These
sugars are further metabolized to acid which dissolves enamel.
 Dental caries: Decaying of teeth due to attack of acid
synthesized by bacteria on teeth enamel is called as dental
caries. This can lead to a small hole in a tooth, called a cavity.
If tooth decay is not treated, it can cause pain, infection, and
even tooth loss.
 Dentifrices
 DENTIFRICES:
 The product used to remove food debris; plaque & surface
stain in conjunction with tooth-brush are called as dentifrices.
They play importanat role in prevention of above mentioned
teeth diseases.
 Types: Dentifrices can be prepared in the form of paste,
powder & liquid. Out of these tooth paste is more popular
form of dentifrices. Mouthwashes are liquid dentifrices.
 TOOTH PATE AND TOOTH POWDER
 Tooth paste and tooth powder are simmilar formulations
except for the presence of additional binder, humectants and
water in paste which are absent in powder.
 Various materials have been used in the formulation of tooth
paste.
 Dentifrices
 Abrasive / polishing agent: These are used to remove food debris &
residual stain of the teeth & to polish the teeth surface. The most
widely used abrasives include precipitated calcium carbonate (chalk),
diabasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, anhydrous dicalcium
phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, sodium
metaphosphate, ammonium phosphate dibasic, hydrated alumina,
silica gel etc.
 Detergent / Foaming agent: These are used for their cleansing action.
Sodium lauryl sulphate, magnesium lauryl sulphate, sodium lauryl
sarcosinate, glyceryl monostearate etc are frequently used detergents.
 Humectants: These are used to prevent drying out of the formulation.
Polyhydric alcohols like propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol etc are
commonly used humectants.
 Binding agent: Solid & liquid phase of tooth paste tend to separate in
absence of binding agent. Binding agents which have been used in
tooth paste include natural gums, cellulose derivative, starch,
synthetic resins (polyox), carbopol (carbonyl vinyl polymer) etc.
 Dentifrices
 Sweetening & flavoring agent: Tooth pate and tooth
powder are the only cosmetics in which sweeteners are added.
Both sweetening and flavoring agents are most important in
the formulation of dentifrices as they have great influence on
the acceptance of product. Saccharin and chloroform are
commonly used as a sweetener whereas peppermint,
wintergreen, cinnamon, spearmint, anise oil, eucalyptus,
coriander, nutmeg, caraway, and clove oil are used as a
flavorant.
 Water: Water is used in the preparation of tooth paste but it
is absent in powder.
 Dentifrices
 MANUFACTURING OF TOOTH PASTE
 Preparation of suspending agent phase: Take suspending
agents in stainless still container and mix it with half quantity
of water using overhead stirrer at low speed to avoid foaming.
 Preparation of binder phase: Take humectants (glycerin and
sorbitol) in another stainless still container and disperse
binder (sodium CMC) in that. Then add remaining half
quantity of water. Heat only if necessary for few seconds at
70oC. Pass all the solid materials like sweetening agents,
fluoride, preservatives, astringents, antienzymes, antibacterial
etc through 60 mesh. Mix them well with humectants phase
to get homogeneous mixture.
 Mixing surfactant phase with binder phase: Mix surfactant
phase into humectant phase and stir until homogeneous mass
is obtained.
 Dentifrices
 Blending with abrasive, color and flavor: Pass abrasive
agent (calcium carbonate) through 60 mesh. Add perfume and
water soluble color to it and place the mixture in ribbon
blender. Blend with above homogeneous mass in small
quantity and fill in to collapsible polyolefine tube.
 Dentifrices
 MOUTH WASHES
 They are the liquid dentifrices containing hydroalcoholic solution of
essential oil and therapeutic agents. Essential oils are added as flavoring
agents. Menthol, thymol or camphor are some time added as cooling
agents.
 Mouthwashes are used for removing bad odors and to give refreshing
feeling in the mouth. Mouthwashes perform following functions
 1) Rinsing of food debris
 2) Reduction in total bacterial count in mouth.
 3) Imparting flavor to mouth cavity and thereby imparting freshness to
breathe.
 Generally therapeutic agents like antibacterials, astringents, antienzymes
and fluorides are added to mouthwashes. Depending on active ingredients
mouth washes are classified into three types .
 1) Mouthwash containing anti bacterial agent
 2) Mouthwash containing fluoride
 3) Mouthwash containing antienzymes
 4) Mouthwash containing minerals (astringent)
 Bath Products
 BATH SALTS
 The salts used to give color and perfume to bathing water or to soften
the hard water are called as bath salts. Thus there are two main types
of bath salts.
 1) The bath salts used to give color and perfume to bathing water:
These are manufactured by giving color and perfume to sodium
chloride, rock salts, epsome salts or glauber’s salts. If used in larger
quantity, they can interfere with foam formation.
 2) The bath salts used to soften the hard water to facilitate
cleaning: These are manufactured by using salts like sodium
sesquicarbonate or sodium carbonate which have capacity to make the
water soft. Color and perfume can also be added in this formulation.
 Bath Products
 BUBBLE BATH/BUBBLE WASH/FOAM BATH
 These are the bath products used to fill the bath tub with
bubbles of light foam.
 Formulation:
 They are available in liquid, powder, and tablet form however
liquid form is more popular. liquid formulation consist of
following ingredients.
 Foaming agents: Anionic surface active agents like
triethanolamine lauryl sulphate or sulphated lauryl alcohol
ether are mainly used as foaming agents.
 Foam booster and stabilizer: Secondary surfactant is added
in this formulation to improve the foaming power and foam
stability. Non ionic surfactants like tweens and spans are
mainly used for this purpose.
 Bath Products
 Viscosity builder: Sodium chloride or potassium chloride or
synthetic water soluble gums can be used to improve the
viscosity.
 Preservative: Microbes can grove in liquid foam bath
because of the presence of water so preservatives like
formaldehyde are added.
 Color: Color is added to increase the aesthetic appeal. The
color should be water soluble.
 Perfume: Relatively high quantity of perfume between 1 to 5
% is present in foam bath. Floral perfumes like rose or
jasmine are preferred in this formulation.
 Water: Water is used as a vehicle in the manufacturing of
liquid bubble bath.
 Bath Products
 BODY WASH AND SHOWER GEL/BATH JELLIES
 These are the preparations applied to body for creating foam
with the help of sponge while taking bath.
 Body wash is an emulsion containing moisturizers, surface
active agent, cooling agent, perfume and color whereas
shower gel or bath jellies are the formulation containing
gelling agent, humectant, surface active agent, cooling agent,
perfume and color. Gelling agents commonly used are
gelatin, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose or carbopol.
Glycerin is used as humecatant. Sodium lauryl ether sulphate
is the preferred surfactant.
Cosmetics for baby
 Baby oils
 The oil used to massage the baby before bath is called as baby oil. They
are of two types.
 1) Containing paraffin oil: It contain the paraffin oil of high purity.
Small quantity of perfume may be added in this formulation. Some
time solubilizers like tween or span are added to dissolve the perfume.
Since paraffin oil is not prone to degradation by oxidation, antioxidants
are not needed in the formulation.
 2) Containing vegetable oils: Vegetable oils like ground nut oil can
also be used as baby oil with or without perfume and solubilizers. Since
vegetable oils are prone to rancidity, antioxidant like tocopherol is
added in the formulation.
Cosmetics for baby
 Baby cream and lotions
 The cream or lotion used for babies for their emollient (soothing) or
bactericidal activity are called as baby cream and lotions respectively.
Thus they are of two types.
 1) Emollient baby cream and lotions: It is same formulation as
vanishing cream with added emollient like mineral oil, lanolin, stearyl
alcohol, cetyl alcohol etc.
 2) Antiseptic baby cream and lotions: It contain vanishing cream
base with added antiseptic quaternary ammonium compounds like
cetrimide or pyridinium chloride.


Cosmetics for baby
 Baby powder
 Wrapping the baby in tight cloth after bath, provide the warmth and
moisture for the growth of bacteria. The powder used to absorb the
moisture after bathing or to absorb the sweat is called as baby powder.
 It is nearly same formulation as the powder for adults with following
modifications.
 These powders are not highly perfumed
 They generally contain antiseptic ingredients like methyl benzethonium
chloride or undecylenate which are absent in talcum powder for adults.
 The particle size of this powder should be 15-40 μ.
 Iron oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate (chalk), magnesium
carbonate and boric acid are not used in baby powder.
Cosmetics for baby
 Baby shampoo
 The baby shampoo should not irritate the delicate skin and eyes of
baby. In the development of such a product, other requirements like
foaming and cleaning can be compromised. It is same formulation as
the shampoo for adults but it should be more safe. For the same reason
amphoteric surfactants are preferred in baby shampoo.