I.

Historical Background

 Also called The Period of Emerging National

Consciousness
 The Philippines in the 19th Century
 Period of awakening after 300 years of passivity under
Spanish Rule
 Culminate in the separation of the colony from Spain
II. Literature

A. Propaganda Movement and the Literature of Protest

 Launch in Spanish by a group of college students and
graduates like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano
Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, Juan Luna, Felix Ressureccion
Hidalgo, Jose Maria Panganiban and Fernando Canon.
1. Jose P. Rizal
 The most prolific writer among the propagandists

 Playwright, essayist, poet and novelist

 Pen names: Laong Laan, Dimasalang

 Writings
 Play: Junto al Pasig; El consejo de los dioses

 Essays: sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos; Filipino

dentro de cien anos

 Poems: around 40 including Mi Ultimo Adios

(considered his poetical masterpiece); Mi Retiro (his
profoundest noblest poem)

 Novels: Noli Me Tangere; El Filibusterismo

2. Marcelo H. del Pilar

 the Spanish authority in the Philippines

 Pen names: Dolores Manapat, Plaridel, Pupdoh and Piping

Dilat

 Writings:

La Soberania monacal en
filipinas; and
 La frailocracia filipina - exposed the abuses of the friars and their
oppresion of the indios

2. Caiingat Cayo - an indictment of Fr. Jose Rodriguez' critique of Rizal's

Noli

3. Dasalan at Tocsohan - an anti-friar satire written in parody of the

catechism and prayer book
3. Graciano Lopez-Jaena
 Founder and editor of La Solidaridad

 Writings:

1. Fray Botod - a novelette in Hiligaynon;

a satire about a pot-bellied,
abusive and immoral friar
Other Propagandists

1. Mariano Ponce
 editor-in-chief, biographer,
researcher of the Propaganda
Movement

Pen names: Tikbalang, Kalipulako,

Naning
2. Juan Luna - painter

3. Felix Resurrection Hidalgo - painter

4. Jose Ma. Panganiban

- pen name: JORMAPA
- with photographic mind

5. Fernando Canon
B. The Revolutionary Period

 Two phases:

1. Revolution against Spain

2. Philippine-American War
1. The Revolution against Spain

 produced writings mostly in Tagalog

 the literary field was dominated by the key men of
Katipunan
 Writers and Writings:

A. Andres Bonifacio
 Father of Filipino Democracy
 Father of the Katipunan
1. Poems:
 Katapusang Hibik
 Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
 Pahimakas (translation of Rizal's farewell poem)

2. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog ang Katungkulang Gagawin ng Mga

Anak ng Bayan