Anatomy & Physiology I

Lecture 5
“The Skeletal System:
The Appendicular Skeleton”

dr. Nancy L. Sampouw, M.Kes

08/16/2021 1
INTRODUCTION (P.231)

The Appendicular Skeleton and Homeostasis

 The bone of the appendicular skeleton contribute to
homeostasis by providing attachment points and
leverage for muscles, which aids body movements.
 Providing support and protection of internal
organs, such as the reproductive organs.
 By storing and releasing calcium.

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INTRODUCTION
The Appendicular Skeleton and Homeostasis
 As noted in Chapter 7, the two main divisions of the
skeletal system are :
I. The Axial Skeleton / Rangka Axial
II. The Appendicular Skeleton / Rangka
Apendikular.
 The general function of the axial skeleton is the =
protection of internal organs.
 The primary function of the appendicular skeleton,
the focus of this chapter, is movement.
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 Table 7.1 – P.195 : The Bone of the Adult Skeletal System
Division of the Number
Skeleton Structure of Bones
Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
- Clavicula 2
- Scapula 2
Upper limbs (extremitas atas)
- Humerus 2
- Ulna 2
- Radius 2
- Carpals 16
- Metacarpals 10
- Phalanges 28
Pelvis (hip) girdle
- Panggul, pelvis, atau os.coxae 2

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 Division of the Structure Number of
Skeleton Bones
Appendicular Skeleton Lower limbs (extremitas bawah)
- Femur 2
- Patella 2
- Fibula 2
- Tibia 2
- Tarsal 14
- Metatarsal 10
- Phalanges 28

SUBTOTAL = 126

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INTRODUCTION
The Appendicular Skeleton tdd :
A. Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
B. Upper limbs (extremitas atas)
C. Pelvis (hip) girdle
D. Lower limbs (extremitas bawah)

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INTRODUCTION
A. Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
Clavicula = 2 tulang
1)

2) Scapula = 2 tulang

B. Upper limbs (extremitas atas)

1) Humerus = 2 tulang

2) Ulna = 2 tulang

3) Radius = 2 tulang

4) Carpals = 16 tulang

5) Metacarpals = 10 tulang

6) Phalanges = 28 tulang

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INTRODUCTION
C. Pelvis (hip) girdle
Panggul / Pelvis / Os.coxae = 2 tulang
1)

D. Lower limbs (extremitas bawah)

1) Femur = 2 tulang

2) Patella = 2 tulang

3) Fibula = 2 tulang

4) Tibia = 2 tulang

5) Tarsal = 14 tulang

6) Metatarsal = 10 tulang

7) Phalanges = 28 tulang

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A. PECTORAL (SHOULDER) P.232

 Setiap perktoral girdle memiliki dua tulang, yaitu :

1) Clavicula

2) Scapula
 Fungsi :
 Untuk melekatkan tulang

lengan ke rangka aksial.

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 Figure 8.1 – P.232
Right pectoral (shoulder) girdle.
The clavicle is the anterior bone of the pectoral girdle, and the
scapula is the posterior bone.

Pectoral girdle:

Clavicula

Scapula

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 Figure 8.1 – P.232
Right pectoral (shoulder) girdle.
The clavicle is the anterior bone of the pectoral girdle, and the
scapula is the posterior bone.

CLAVICULA CLAVICULA

SCAPULA SCAPULA

Anterior
08/16/2021 view Posterior view
11
A. PECTORAL (SHOULDER)
1) Clavicle / Clavicula = 2 tulang
 Clavikula adalah tulang anterior dari pectoral girdle.
 Clavicula modelnya ramping (slender), berbentuk S, juga
disebut tulang selangka (collarbone).
 Clavicula letaknya horizontal di bagian anterior thorax,
dan letaknya superior dari ribs pertama.
 Bagian 2/3 medial dari tulang clavicula berbentuk
konveks atau cembung ke depan; bagian 1/3 lateral dari
tulang clavicula berbentuk konkaf atau cekung.

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 1) Clavicula
LATERAL MEDIAL
View
POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Superior view
Acromial Sternal
end end

ANTERIOR

View POSTERIOR

Inferior view Figure 8.2 – P.233

08/16/2021 Right Clavicula 13
A. PECTORAL (SHOULDER)
1) Clavicle / Clavicula = 2 tulang
 Bagian medial clavicula berartikulasi dengan
manubrium pada tulang sternum, dan bagian lateral
berartikulasi dengan akromion pada tulang skapula.
 Clavicula berfungsi sebagai tempat perlekatan sebagian
otot leher, toraks, punggung, dan lengan.

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 Figure 8.2 – P.233
Right Clavicula

CLAVICULA CLAVICULA

SCAPULA SCAPULA

Anterior
08/16/2021 view Posterior view
15
 - Bagian medial berartikulasi dengan
manubrium tulang sternum
- Bagian lateral berartikulasi dengan
akromion tulang skapula

CLAVICULA

SCAPULA

S
T
E
R
N
U
M

08/16/2021 Anterior view 16

A. PECTORAL (SHOULDER)
2) Scapula = 2 tulang
 Scapula adalah tulang posterior dari pectoral girdle.
 Scapula (plural is scapulae), atau tulang belikat (shoulder
blade).
 Scapula bentuknya besar, segitiga, terletak superior dari
posterior thorax antara ribs kedua dan ketujuh (Figure 8.3
– P.234).
 Rongga glenoid (glenoid cavity) tulang scapula
berartikulasi dengan bagian kepala dari tulang humerus
membentuk sendi bahu (glenohumeral joint).

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 Right Scapula

CLAVICULA CLAVICULA

SCAPULA SCAPULA

S
T
E
R
N
U
M

Anterior
08/16/2021 view Posterior view
18
A. PECTORAL (SHOULDER)
2) Scapula = 2 tulang
 Scapula atau tulang belikat tiga tepi, yaitu :
a) Tepi vertebra (medial) --- yang panjang terletak
paralel dengan kolumna vertebra.
b) Tepi superior --- yang pendek melandai ke arah
ujung bahu.
c) Tepi lateral --- (merupakan tepi ketiga pelengkap
segitiga) mengarah ke arah lengan.

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 2) Scapula
Acromion
Superior
Scapula border

Glenoid
cavity

Lateral Medial
(axillary) (vertebral)
border border

LATERAL MEDIAL

Figure 8.3 – P.234

08/16/2021
Right Scapula Anterior view 20
08/16/2021 21
A. PECTORAL (SHOULDER)
2) Scapula = 2 tulang
 Bagian-bagian pada tulang scapula :
 Bagian spina pada scapula ad/ bubungan tulang
yang berawal dari tepi vertebra dan melebar saat
mendekati ujung bahu.
 Spina berakhir pada prosesus akromion, yang
berartikulasi dengan clavicula; bagian ini
mengantung persendian bahu.
 Rongga glenoid (glenoid cavity) ad/ bagian
mempertahankan letak kepala humerus (tulang
lengan).
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Bagian-bagian pada tulang scapula :
 Bagian spina pada scapula ad/ bubungan tulang yang berawal dari tepi
vertebra dan melebar saat mendekati ujung bahu.
 Spina berakhir pada prosesus akromion, yang berartikulasi dengan
clavicula; bagian ini mengantung persendian bahu.
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 Rongga glenoid (glenoid cavity) ad/ bagian yang mempertahankan letak
kepala humerus (tulang lengan).

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B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY) P.235

 Each upper limb (upper extremity) has 30 bones in three

locations (Figure 8.4 – P.235) :
1) In the arm : humerus

2) In the forearm : ulna and radius

3) In the hand :
 The 8 carpals in the carpus (wrist)
 The 5 metacarpals in the metacarpus (palm)
 The 14 phalanges (bones of the digits)

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 Clavicle
Figure 8.4 Right upper limb.
Scapula

HUMERUS = 1

RADIUS = 1
ULNA = 1

CARPALS = 8
METACARPALS = 5
PHALANGES = 14

08/16/2021 26
 UPPER LIMBS :
a) Lengan atas : humerus
b) Lengan bawah : ulna & radius
c) Tangan :
- Carpal : 8 tulang di
pergelangan tangan (wrist)
- Metacarpal : 5 tulang di
telapak tangan (palm)
- Phalanges : 14 tulang di jari-
jari (digits)

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B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
1) In the arm = HUMERUS
 The humerus or arm bone, is the longest and largest bone
of the upper limb (Figure 8.5).
 Humerus articulates proximally with the scapula and
distally at the elbow with two bones, the ulna and the
radius.

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 Scapula
HUMERUS
HUMERUS

Radius

Ulna

08/16/2021 29
B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
1) In the arm = HUMERUS
 The capitulum is a rounded knob on the lateral aspect of
the bone that articulates with the head of the radius.
 The trochlea located medial to the capitulum, is a
spoolshaped surface that articulates with the ulna.

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 Figure 8.5
Right humerus in relation to the scapula, ulna, and radius.

CAPITULUM
TROCHLEA

Ulna Ulna
Radius Radius

08/16/2021 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view 31

B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
2) In the forearm = ULNA & RADIUS
 In the forearm, the longer ulna is on the medial side, and
the shorter radius is on the lateral side.
 The ulna is located on the medial aspect (the little-finger
side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius (Figure
8.6).
 The radius is the smaller bone of the forearm and is
located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm
(Figure 8.6a).

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 RADIUS &
ULNA

RADIUS
ULNA

08/16/2021 33
B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the hand = CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES
 Carpals = 8 tulang --- di pergelangan tangan (wrist).
 Metacarpals = 5 tulang --- di telapak tangan (palm).
 Phalanges = 14 tulang --- di jari-jari (digits).

08/16/2021 34
 Figure 8.8
The skeleton of the hand consists of the proximal carpals, the
intermediate metacarpals, and the distal phalanges.

Radius
Ulna

CARPALS = 8

METACARPALS
=5

PHALANGES = 14

08/16/2021 35
08/16/2021 36
B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the hand = CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES
 The carpus (wrist) is the proximal region of the hand and
consists of eight small bones, the carpals, joined to one
another by ligaments (Figure 8.8 on page 244).
 Articulations among carpal bones are called intercarpal
joints.
 The carpals are arranged in two transverse rows of four
bones each.
 Their names reflect their shapes.

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B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the hand = CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES
 The carpals in the proximal row, from lateral to medial,
are the :
1. Scaphoid (SKAF-oyd = boatlike)

2. Lunate (LOO-na¯t = moon-shaped)

3. Triquetrum (trı¯-KWE¯ -trum = three-cornered)

4. Pisiform (PIS-i-form = pea-shaped)

 The proximal row of carpals articulates with the distal
ends of the ulna and radius to form the wrist joint.

08/16/2021 38
 Figure 8.8
The skeleton of the hand consists of the proximal carpals, the
intermediate metacarpals, and the distal phalanges.

Radius
Ulna

CARPALS = 8

METACARPALS
=5

PHALANGES = 14

08/16/2021 39
B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the hand = CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES
 The carpals in the distal row, from lateral to medial, are
the :
5. Trapezium (tra-PE¯ -ze¯-um = four-sided figure
with no two sides parallel)
6. Trapezoid (TRAPe- zoyd = four-sided figure with
two sides parallel)
7. Capitate (KAP-i-ta¯t = head-shaped)

8. Hamate (HAM-a¯t = hooked)

08/16/2021 40
 CARPALS
The 8 carpals in the carpus (wrist)

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior vie

1 2
3

1. Scaphoid (SKAF-oyd = boatlike)

2. Lunate (LOO-na¯t = moon-shaped)
3. Triquetrum (trı¯-KWE¯ -trum = three-cornered)
4. Pisiform (PIS-i-form = pea-shaped)
5. Trapezium (tra-PE¯ -ze¯-um = four-sided figure with no two sides parallel)
6. Trapezoid (TRAPe- zoyd = four-sided figure with two sides parallel)
7. Capitate (KAP-i-ta¯t = head-shaped)
8. Hamate (HAM-a¯t = hooked)

08/16/2021 41
08/16/2021 42
B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the hand = CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES
 The metacarpus or palm, is the intermediate region of the
hand and consists of five bones called metacarpals.
 The metacarpal bones are numbered I to V (or 1–5),
starting with the thumb, from lateral to medial.

08/16/2021 43
 METACARPALS
The 5 metacarpals in the metacarpus (palm)

1
5 METACARPALS
2 4
3

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

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08/16/2021 45
B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the hand = CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES
 The phalanges (fa-LAN-je¯z; phalan- = a battle line), or
bones of the digits, make up the distal part of the hand.
 There are 14 phalanges in the five digits of each hand and,
like the metacarpals, the digits are numbered I to V (or 1–
5), beginning with the thumb, from lateral to medial.
 A single bone of a digit is referred to as a phalanx.
 Each phalanx consists of :
a) Proximal base

b) Intermediate shaft

c) Distal head
08/16/2021 46
 PHALANGES
The 14 phalanges (bones of the digits)

1
5 Proximal
2 4
3 Middle PHALANGES

Distal

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

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08/16/2021 48
B. UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the hand = CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES
 The thumb has two phalanges, and there are three
phalanges in each of the other four digits.
 In order from the thumb, these other four digits are
commonly referred to as the :
a) Index finger / Jari telunjuk

b) Middle finger / Jari tengah

c) Ring finger / Jari cincin

d) Little finger / Jari kecil

 Joints between phalanges are called interphalangeal
joints.
08/16/2021 49
 PHALANGES
The 14 phalanges (bones of the digits)

Thumb Little
finger
Index Ring
finger finger
Middle
finger

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

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C. PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE (P.245)

 Pelvic (hip = pinggul) girdle terdiri dari dua tulang, juga

disebut coxal atau coxae atau tulang pinggul atau os.coxae
atau tulang coxae (Figure 8.9).
 Tulang pinggul bersatu di bagian anterior pada suatu
sendi disebut simfisis pubis.
 Tulang pinggul bersatu di bagian posterior dengan
sakrum pada sendi sacroiliac (sacroiliac joints).
 The acetabulum is the socket for the head of the femur
where the three parts of the hip bone converge and ossify.

08/16/2021 51
 Figure 8.9 Bony pelvis
The hip bones unite anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and
posteriorly at the sacrum to form the bony pelvis.

Pelvic (hip) girdle

08/16/2021 52
 PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE

Hip bone Hip bone

 Pelvic (hip = pinggul) girdle terdiri dari dua tulang, juga disebut coxal atau
coxae atau tulang pinggul atau os.coxae atau tulang coxae (Figure 8.9).

08/16/2021 Anterosuperior view of pelvic girdle

53
 PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE

Hip bone Hip bone

Pubic symphysis

 Tulang pinggul bersatu di bagian anterior pada suatu sendi

disebut simfisis pubis.

08/16/2021 Anterosuperior view of pelvic girdle

54
 PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE

Hip bone Hip bone

Sacrum Sacroiliac
Ilium joints

 Tulang pinggul bersatu di bagian posterior dengan sakrum pada

sendi sacroiliac (sacroiliac joints).

08/16/2021 Anterosuperior view of pelvic girdle

55
 PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE

Hip bone Hip bone

Acetabulum Acetabulum

 The acetabulum is the socket for the head of the femur where the three
parts of the hip bone converge and ossify.
08/16/2021 Anterosuperior view of pelvic girdle
56
C. PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE
 Functionally, the bony pelvis provides a
strong and stable support for the
vertebral column and pelvic and lower
abdominal organs.
 The pelvic girdle of the bony pelvis also
connects the bones of the lower limbs to
the axial skeleton.

08/16/2021 57
C. PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE
 There are some significant differences between the
pectoral (shoulder) girdle and pelvic (hip) girdle :
‐ The pectoral girdle does not directly articulate with
the vertebral column, but the pelvic girdle does so
via the sacroiliac joint.
‐ Overall, the structure of the pectoral girdle offers
more mobility than strength, and that of the pelvic
girdle offers more strength than mobility.

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C. PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE
 Each of the two hip bones of a newborn consists of three
bones separated by cartilage :
a) Ilium --- a superior

b) Pubis --- an inferior and anterior

c) Ischium --- an inferior and posterior

 By age 23, the three separate bones fuse together (Figure
8.10a).
 Although the hip bones function as single bones,
anatomists commonly discuss each hip bone as three
separate bones.

08/16/2021 59
 PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE

Hip bone Hip bone

 Masing-masing tulang pinggul bayi yang baru lahir terdiri dari

tiga tulang yang dipisahkan oleh tulang rawan.
 Pada usia 23, tiga tulang yang terpisah ini akan menyatu.60
08/16/2021
 Figure 8.10 - Right hip bone.
The lines of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis depicted in (a)
are not always visible in an adult.
SUPERIOR

ILIUM

ISCHIUM PUBIS

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

08/16/2021 61
(a) Lateral view showing parts of hip bone
08/16/2021 62
C. PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE
a) ILIUM
 The ilium, the largest of the three components of the hip
bone (Figure 8.10b, c), is composed of :
1. Ala or wing --- a superior

2. Body --- an inferior

 The body helps form the acetabulum, the socket for the
head of the femur.

M
ILIU

08/16/2021 63
08/16/2021 64
C. PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE
b) ISCHIUM
 The ischium, the inferior and posterior portion of the hip
bone (Figure 8.10b, c), is comprised of :
1. Body --- a superior

2. Ramus (ram- branch; plural is rami) --- an inferior

 The ramus is the portion of the ischium that fuses with
the pubis.

08/16/2021 65
08/16/2021 66
C. PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE
c) PUBIS
 The pubis meaning pubic bone, is the anterior and
inferior part of the hip bone (Figure 8.10b, c), is comprised
of :
1. Ramus --- a superior and an inferior

2. Body --- between the ramus

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 Body of pubic

08/16/2021 68
C. PELVIS (HIP) GIRDLE
 The pubic symphysis is the joint between the two pubes
of the hip bones (see Figure 8.9), it consists of a disc of
fibrocartilage.

Pubic Symphysis

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 Figure 8.11 – True and false pelves.
Midsagittal plane

FALSE PELVIS

TRUE PELVIS

Pelvic axis

(b) Midsagittal
08/16/2021 section indicating locations of true and false pelves 70
D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY) P.251

 Each lower limb (lower extremity) has 30 bones in four

locations (Figure 8.12) :
1. In the thigh : Femur
2. In the knee : Patella (kneecap)

3. In the leg : Tibia and Fibula

4. In the foot :
 The 7 Tarsals in the tarsus (ankle)
 The 5 Metatarsals in the metatarsus
 The 14 Phalanges (bones of the digits)

08/16/2021 71
 Figure 8.12 – Right lower limb.

Hip bone

FEMUR

PATELLA

TIBIA
FIBULA

TARSALS
METATARSALS
08/16/2021view of lower limb
Anterior 72
PHALANGES
D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
1) In the thigh : FEMUR
 Tulang Femur atau tulang paha (thigh bone) adalah
tulang terpanjang, terberat, dan terkuat dalam tubuh
(Figure 8.13).
 Bagian ujung proksimal tulang femur yaitu kepala (head
of the femur) akan berarktikulasi dengan acetabulum
dari tulang pinggul.
 Bagian ujung distal tulang femur yaitu kondilus medial
dan lateral (medial condyle and the lateral condyle) akan
berartikulasi dengan kondilus medial dan lateral
tulang tibia.

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 FEMUR

FEMUR

Femur atau tulang paha (thigh bone) adalah

tulang terpanjang, terberat, dan terkuat
08/16/2021
dalam tubuh (Figure 8.13). 74
 Bagian ujung proksimal tulang femur yaitu kepala
(head of the femur) akan ber-artikulasi dengan
acetabulum dari tulang pinggul / hip.

Acetabulum

Head of the femur

08/16/2021 75
 Bagian ujung distal tulang
FEMURfemur yaitu kondilus
medial dan lateral (medial condyle and the lateral
condyle) akan ber-artikulasi dengan kondilus
medial dan lateral tulang tibia.

Femur

Lateral Medial
condyle condyle

Tibia
08/16/2021 76
D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
2) In the kneecap : PATELLA
 Tulang Patella (little dish), atau tempurung lutut
(kneecap) adalah tulang berbentuk segitiga kecil yang
terletak anterior dari sendi lutut (Figure 8.14).
 Fungsinya adalah membungkus dan melindungi sendi
lutut.
 Permukaan posterior tulang patella terdiri dari 2 bagian
yang berartikulasi, yaitu kondilus medial dan
kondilus lateral tulang femur.

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 PATELLA

PATELLA

Patella (little dish), atau tempurung lutut (kneecap) adalah

tulang berbentuk segitiga kecil yang terletak anterior
dari sendi lutut (Figure 8.14).
Fungsinya : adalah membungkus dan melindungi sendi
lutut.
08/16/2021 78
 Permukaan posterior tulang patella terdiri dari 2
PATELLA
bagian yang berartikulasi, yaitu kondilus
medial dan kondilus lateral tulang femur.

FEMUR

Lateral condyle Medial condyle

PATELLA

08/16/2021 79
08/16/2021 80
D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the leg : TIBIA & FIBULA
 Tulang Tibia atau tulang kering (shin bone), lebih besar,
letaknya di bagian medial tungkai bawah.
 Kata tibia berarti seruling (flute), yaitu tulang tibia
burung digunakan pada zaman kuno untuk membuat
alat-alat musik.
 Tibia berartikulasi pada ujung proksimal dengan tulang
femur dan fibula, dan pada ujung distal dengan tulang
fibula dan tulang talus pada pergelangan kaki.

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 TIBIA

TIBIA

Tulang tibia atau tulang kering (shin bone), lebih besar,

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letaknya di bagian medial tungkai bawah. 82
Tibia berartikulasi pada ujung proksimal dengan tulang
femur dan fibula, dan TIBIA
pada ujung distal dengan tulang
fibula dan tulang talus pada pergelangan kaki.

FEMUR

TIBIA

FIBULA

TALUS

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D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the leg : TIBIA & FIBULA
 Ujung proksimal tibia akan meluas menjadi kondilus
lateralis dan kondilus medialis, bagian ini akan
berartikulasi dengan kondilus femur untuk membentuk
sendi tibiofemoral lateral dan medial (sendi lutut).
 Permukaan inferior kondilus lateralis tulang tibia akan
berartikulasi dengan kepala tulang fibula.
 Permukaan medial dari ujung distal tibia akan
membentuk maleolus medial (mal-LE¯-o¯-lus =
hammer atau palu), struktur ini akan berartikulasi
dengan talus pada pergelangan kaki dan membentuk
tonjolan yang dapat dirasakan pada permukaan medial
pergelangan kaki.
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 Ujung proksimal tibia akan meluas menjadi kondilus
lateralis dan kondilus medialis, bagian ini akan
berartikulasi dengan kondilus femur untuk membentuk
sendi tibiofemoral lateral dan medial (sendi lutut).

FEMUR

Lateral condyle Medial condyle

Head of the fibula
TIBIA

Permukaan inferior kondilus lateralis tulang tibia akan

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berartikulasi dengan kepala tulang fibula (head of fibula).
85
Permukaan medial dari ujung distal tibia akan membentuk maleolus
medial (mal-LE¯-o¯-lus = hammer atau palu), struktur ini akan
berartikulasi dengan talus pada pergelangan kaki dan
membentuk tonjolan yang dapat dirasakan pada
permukaan medial pergelangan kaki.

TIBIA

Medial malleolus

Talus
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D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the leg : TIBIA & FIBULA
 Tulang Fibula sejajar dengan dengan tulang tibia, dan
letaknya lateral dari tulang tibia, tetapi ukurannya jauh
lebih kecil daripada tulang tibia.
 Berbeda dengan tibia, tulang fibula tidak berartikulasi
dengan tulang femur.
 Kepala dari tulang fibula, yaitu ujung proksimal nya akan
berartikulasi dengan permukaan inferior kondilus
lateralis tulang tibia yang berada dibawah sendi lutut,
dan membentuk sendi tibiofibular proksimal.

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 FIBULA

Tulang Fibula sejajar

dengan dengan tulang
FIBULA tibia, dan letaknya
lateral dari tulang tibia,
tetapi ukurannya jauh
lebih kecil daripada
tulang tibia.
Berbeda dengan tibia,
tulang fibula tidak
berartikulasi dengan
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tulang femur. 88
Kepala dari tulang fibula (head of fibula), yaitu ujung proksimal
nya akan berartikulasi dengan permukaan inferior kondilus
lateralis tulang tibia yang berada dibawah sendi lutut, dan
membentuk sendi tibiofibular proksimal.

FEMUR

Lateral condyle Medial condyle

Head of the fibula
TIBIA

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D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
3) In the leg : TIBIA & FIBULA
 Ujung distal tulang fibula, berbentuk lebih menyerupai
kepala panah (arrowhead-shaped) dan proyeksi ini disebut
dengan malleolus lateral yang akan berartikulasi
dengan talus pada pergelangan kaki.
 Bagian ini membentuk tonjolan pada permukaan lateral
pergelangan kaki.

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 Ujung distal tulang fibula, berbentuk lebih menyerupai kepala panah
(arrowhead-shaped) dan proyeksi ini disebut dengan malleolus lateral
yang akan berartikulasi dengan talus pada pergelangan kaki.
Bagian ini membentuk tonjolan pada permukaan lateral pergelangan kaki.

TIBIA

Lateral malleolus

Talus
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D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
4) In the foot : TARSALS, METATARSALS, & PHALANGES
 The tarsus (ankle) is the proximal region of the foot and
consists of seven tarsal bones :
1. Talus (ankle bone)

2. Calcaneus (heel)

3. Navicular (like a little boat)

4. Cuneiform (wedge-shaped) the third / Cuneiform

lateral
5. Cuneiform the second / Cuneiform intermediate

6. Cuneiform the first / Cuneifoem medial

7. Cuboid ( cube-shaped)

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D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
4) In the foot : TARSALS, METATARSALS, & PHALANGES
 Joints between tarsal bones are called intertarsal joints.
 The talus, the most superior tarsal bone, is the only bone
of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia.
 It articulates on one side with the medial malleolus of the
tibia and on the other side with the lateral malleolus of
the fibula.
 These articulations form the talocrural (ankle) joint.
 During walking, the talus transmits about half the weight
of the body to the calcaneus.

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D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
4) In the foot : TARSALS, METATARSALS, & PHALANGES
 The metatarsus, the intermediate region of the foot,
consists of five metatarsal bones numbered I to V (or 1–5)
from the medial to lateral position (Figure 8.16).
 Like the metacarpals of the palm of the hand, each
metatarsal consists of :
a) Proximal base

b) Intermediate shaft

c) Distal head

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D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
4) In the foot : TARSALS, METATARSALS, & PHALANGES
 The phalanges comprise the distal component of the foot
and resemble those of the hand both in number and
arrangement.
 The toes are numbered I to V (or 1–5) beginning with the
great toe, from medial to lateral.
 Each phalanx (singular) consists of :
a) Proximal base

b) Intermediate shaft

c) Distal head

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D. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
4) In the foot : TARSALS, METATARSALS, & PHALANGES
 The great or big toe (hallux) has two large, heavy
phalanges called proximal and distal phalanges.
 The other four toes each have three phalanges :
a) Proximal

b) Middle

c) Distal
 Joints between phalanges of the foot, like those of the
hand, are called interphalangeal joints.

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 TARSALS, METATARSALS,
PHALANGES

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 Questions & Answers

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