EGYPTIAN

CIVILISATION
BY~
ARYAN RATHORE
EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION
ANCIENT EGYPT
A LAND OF MYSTERIES
INTRODUCTION
The earliest ‘Egyptians’ appeared in north-eastern
African in  4,000 BC. By the beginning of the 4th
millennium BC, a distinctive civilization had emerged at
the northern end of the Nile Valley.

In 1898, the “ Narmer Palette” was uncovered, one of

the few surviving artefacts from the Nile Valley. It is an
iconic example of an artefact from which a vast amount of
information about ancient Egypt.

The Egyptian Civilisation is known for it’s Art ,

Architecture , Culture , Monuments and Geography.
 The river nile
The Egyptians worshipped “The Nile” like a God.
Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in large part
because the river’s annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil like
Kemet , Silt for growing crops.

 Early egyptians made route of transportation from place to place

along the river.

 The dry climate near the Nile made it so the ancient pyramids
still stand today.

This waterway also provided a source of drinking water, as well

as Papyrus reeds that could be used for a variety of purposes such
as paper and building materials.
AMON-RE
OSIRIS
SET
ISIS

EGYPTIAN
GODS
HORUS ANUBIS
 Royals usually had several wives and the wives of the
Pharaoh pharaoh were the second most powerful people in the
land.

Viziers
Soldiers
Nobles Scribes
 Egyptian School
The First school was to train priests in Egypt.

The Son of the Pharaohs were educated at homes by tutors.

Girls were not allowed to attain education.

Common subjects included in ancient Egyptian education were

reading, writing, mathematics, as well as religious instruction and
morals.
Social Stratification
 THE KINGDOM

The kingdom was divided into three

parts namely:

The old kingdom

The middle kingdom

The new kingdom

 THE
OLD
KINGDOM
The "Old Kingdom" is a period of time during the history of Ancient
Egypt.

 It lasted from 2575 BC to 2150 BC.

 Over these 400 years, Egypt had a strong central government and a
prosperous economy.

The Old Kingdom is most famous as a time when many pyramids were
built.
The Upper and Lower Egypt were
united by Menes (who may be
representing a number of kings
involved in the process of
unification), the founding king of
the first dynasty.
Government 
Under Pharaoh Djoser's rule, the land of Egypt was
divided up into "nomes" (like states). Each nome
had a governor (called a "nomarch") that reported
to the pharaoh. Egypt became wealthy enough to
build the first Egyptian pyramid, the Pyramid of
Djoser. 

The pharaoh was the head of both the government

and the state religion. He was considered a god.
Below the pharaoh was the vizier who ran many of
The Pyramid of Djoser
the daily tasks of the government. Only the most
powerful families gained an education and were
taught to read and write. These people became the
high-ranking government officials, priests, army
generals, and scribes.
Pyramids 

The Old Kingdom period is most

famous for building pyramids. This
includes the first pyramid, the
Pyramid of Djoser, and the largest
pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza. The  Great Pyramid of Giza
peak of the Old Period was during the
Fourth Dynasty when pharaohs such
as Sneferu and Khufu ruled. The
Fourth Dynasty built the Giza
complex including several large
pyramids and the Great Sphinx.

Great Sphinx
Fall of the Old Kingdom 
The central government began to weaken during the Sixth Dynasty.

The governors (nomarchs) became very powerful and began to ignore

the rule of the pharaoh.

At the same time, the country suffered from drought and famine.

Eventually the central government collapsed and Egypt broke up into

several independent states.
Interesting Facts About the Old
Kingdom of Egypt
Pharaoh Pepi II, who ruled near the end of the
Old Kingdom, was pharaoh for around 90 years.

The capital city of Egypt during the Old Kingdom

was Memphis.

Art flourished during the Old Period. Many of the

styles and images created during the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Pepi II
were imitated for the next 3000 years.

The Old Kingdom is sometimes referred to as the

"Age of Pyramids.“

Much of what we know about the Old Kingdom

comes from tombs, pyramids, and temples. The
cities where people lived were largely made from Memphis
mud and have long since been destroyed.
 THE
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
The "Middle Kingdom" is a period of time during the
history of Ancient Egypt.

It lasted from 1975 BC to 1640 BC.

 The Middle Kingdom was the second peak period of the

Ancient Egyptian civilization (the other two being the Old
Kingdom and the New Kingdom).

During this time all of Egypt was united under a single

government and Pharaoh.
The City of Thebes 

Under the rule of Mentuhotep II, Thebes became the

capital of Egypt. From that point forward, the city of
Thebes would remain a major religious and political
center throughout much of Ancient Egyptian history.
Mentuhotep II built his tomb and mortuary complex
near the city of Thebes. Later, many pharaohs of the New
Kingdom would also be buried nearby at the Valley of Mentuhotep II
the Kings. 

Mentuhotep II ruled for 51 years. During that time, he

reestablished the pharaoh as the god-king of Egypt. He
rebuilt the central government and expanded the
borders of Egypt.
Thebes
Peak of the Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom reached its peak under the
rule of the Twelfth Dynasty.

The pharaohs of the time built a powerful standing

army that protected the country from outside
invaders and maintained control of the government.

 The greatest point of economic prosperity came

during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III which
lasted for 45 years.
 ART IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
The Art of the Middle kingdom features works that portray a Story, or a
complete picture rather than the aesthetics beauty.

Painting depicted Human Beings and their Surroundings in a realistic way.

The arts of Ancient Egypt continued to develop during this time. A type of
sculpture called the "block statue" became popular. It would continue to be a
mainstay of Egyptian art for 2,000 years.

The block statue was sculpted from a single piece of rock. It showed a man
squatting with his arms folded on top of his knees.
Fall of the Middle Kingdom
It was during the Thirteenth Dynasty that the pharaoh's control
of Egypt began to weaken.

 Eventually, a group of kings in northern Egypt, called the

Fourteenth Dynasty, split from southern Egypt.

As the country fell into disarray, the Middle Kingdom

collapsed.

HYKSOS, invaders from west Asia conquered Egypt.

The First Hyksos King

Interesting Facts About the Middle Kingdom
of Egypt

The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom often

appointed their sons as coregents, which was kind of
like a vice-pharaoh.

The Pharaoh Senusret III was one of the most

powerful leaders of the Middle Kingdom. He is
sometimes called a "warrior-king" because he
personally led his troops into battle.

The Middle Kingdom is sometimes referred to as

Egypt's "classical age" or "The Period of Senusret III
Reunification.“

During the Twelfth Dynasty, a new capital city was

built called Itj Tawy.
 THE
NEW
KINGDOM
The "New Kingdom" is a period of time during the history of
Ancient Egypt.

 It lasted from around 1520 BC to 1075 BC. It was Egypt’s

most prosperous time and marked the zenith of its power.

It expanded far south into Nubia and held wide territories in
the Near East.

 The New Kingdom was the golden age of the civilization of

Ancient Egypt.

It was a time of wealth, prosperity, and power. 

 Tutankhamun Thutmose III
 Ahmose I
famous Pharaohs

Hatshepsut Cleopatra Ramesses III

 Queen Hatsheput (reign 1479–1458 BC)
was one of the most successful of all
pharaohs. Best remembered for holding
power longer than any other woman of an
indigenous Egyptian dynasty, Queen
Hatsheput strengthened Egypt by expanding
external trade and sending a commercial
expedition to the land of Punt. 

The pharaohs of the New Kingdom used

their wealth to build massive temples to
the gods.Mortuary Temples to honor
themselves as gods. These included Abu
Simbel (built for Ramses II) and the
Temple of Hatshepsut. 

Temple of Hatshepsut. 
Valley of the Kings 
One of the most famous archeological sites from the New
Kingdom is the Valley of the Kings.

 Starting with the Pharaoh Thutmose I, the New Kingdom

pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings for 500 years.

The most famous tomb in the Valley of the Kings is the tomb
of Pharaoh Tutankhamun which was discovered largely intact.
It was filled with treasure, art, and King Tut's mummy.

Tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun Valley of the Kings

 Fall of the kingdom
It was during the reign of Ramesses III that the powerful
Egyptian Empire began to weaken. Ramesses III had to fight
many battles including an invasion by the Sea Peoples and
tribesmen from Libya. These wars, combined with severe
drought and famine, caused unrest throughout Egypt.

In the years after Ramesses III died, internal corruption and
infighting in the central government became worse. The last
pharaoh of the New Kingdom was Ramesses XI. After his
reign, Egypt was no longer united.

In 664 BC the Assyrians dealt the final blow in its war with
Egypt by sacking Thebes and Memphis. The dynasty ended
with its rulers stuck in the relative backwater of the city of
Napata.
Interesting Facts About the New Kingdom of Egypt

There were eleven pharaohs who had the name

Ramesses (or Ramses) during the the Nineteenth and
Twentieth Dynasties. This period is sometimes called the
Ramesside period.
Thutmose III
Hatshepsut was one of the few women who became
pharaoh. She ruled Egypt for around 20 years.

The Egyptian Empire was at its largest during the rule of

Thutmose III. He is sometimes called the "Napoleon of
Egypt.“

Pharaoh Akhenaten converted from the traditional

religion of Egypt to the worship of one all-powerful god
named Aten. He built a new capital city named Amarna in
the honor of Aten.

Akhenaten
 CONCLUSION
Centuries after the Ancient Egyptians stopped creating
lavish and extraordinary tombs, their past still leaves us in
awe.  

If it were not for the extra measures they took to preserve
their deceased for the afterlife, we would not have the
opportunity to view and study who these people were.  

By examining their remains we can determine how the

people lived, what their diet consisted of, and what diseases
may have affected them.  

By studying the artifacts that were left behind in their

tombs, archaeologists and researchers are able to determine
what resources existed during those times..
THANK
YOU