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Scalar and Vector
Scalar and Vector
Examples of scalars
• temperature • time
• mass • amount
• kinetic energy • density
• charge
Vector
A vector is a quantity that has both
magnitude (size) and direction
• a direction θ x
Or it is given in the
x and y components as y Ax A
• Ax Ay
• Ay x
y Ax A Ax = A cos θ
A Ay
θ Ay = A sin θ
x
2 2
│A │ =√ ( A + A )
x y
The length of a
vector clearly
does not
y Ax A
A Ay
θ
x
B
Negative of a Vector
directions.
-
A
Scalar Multiplication
The multiplication of a vector A
by a scalar α
- will result in a vector B
B = α A
- whereby the magnitude is changed
but not the direction
• Do flip the direction if α is negative
B = α A
If α = 0, therefore B = α
A = 0, which is also known
as a zero vector
β (α A) = α β A = α (β A)
(β +α )A = α A + β A
Example
Vector Addition
The addition of two vectors A and B
- will result in a third vector C called the resultant
C = A+B
Geometrically (triangle method of addition)
• put the tail-end of B at the top-end of A
• C connects the tail-end of A to the C
top-end of B B
x4
x5
Σ xi x3
x2Σ xi = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x
x1
Example
Vector Subtraction
Equivalent to adding the negative vector
C A
= B B
C A+ A
= (-B)
-
A-
B
B
Example
Rules of Vector Addition
commutative
A+B=B+A
B A
A+
B
A A+
B
B
associative
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
B
B
B+ C
A A+ C A C
B
A + (B +
(A + B) C)
+C
distributive
m(A + B) = mA + mB
m
B
B
m(A +
A+ m B)
A B A
Parallelogram method of addition
(tailtotail)
A+
A
B
〉
and defined as
〉
i x
k
z
Component of a Vector in 2-D
y- axis
A
Ay
θ
x- axis
Ax
A = Ax + Ay
The component of A are
y-
│Ax│ = Ax = A axis
cos θ
│Ay│ = Ay = A A
A
Thesin θ
magnitude of A θ y
A x-
A = √Ax + Ay
2 2
x axis
The direction of A
tan θ = Ay / Ax
θ =tan-1 (Ay / Ax)
Example
The unit vector notation for the vector A
is written
A = Axi + Ayj
y- axis
Ay
A
j
θ
i x- axis
Ax
Example
Component of a Vector in 3-D
z- axis
Az
A = Axi + Ayj +
Azk k A
j Ay y-
i axis
Ax
x- axis
if
A = Axi + Ayj +
Azk
B = Bxi + Byj +
Bzk
A + B = C sum of the vectors A
and B can then be obtained as
vector C
C = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) + (Bxi +
Byj + Bzk)
C = (A +C
Cxix + Byxj)i+
+ (Ay + By)j Example
+
Dot product (scalar) of two vectors
The definition:
A
A · B = │A││B │cos θ θ
B
Dot product (scalar product)
properties:
if θ = 90 (normal vectors) then the dot
0
product is zero
|A · B| = AB cos 90
and=i 0
·j=j·k=i·k=0
|A · B| = AB cos 0and
= 1i · j = j · k = i · k = 1
the dot product is commutative
A+B=B+A
θ
the vector product creates a new
A
vector
this vector is normal to the plane
defined by the
original vectors and its direction is
Cross product (vector product)
properties:
if θ = 00 (parallel vectors) then the cross
product is zero
|A x B| = AB sin 0and
= 0i x i = j x j = k x k = 0
|A x B| = AB sin 90
and=i 1
xi=jxj=kxk=1
the relationship between vectors i , j and k can
be described as
ixj =-jxi =k
jxk=-kxj=i
kxi=-ixk=j
Example
Measurement and Error
THE
END
Vectors are represented by an arrow
A
-
B
A
B
A
θ
Conceptual Example *
x1 x2
x1 + x2 = 8
x1 = 5
x2 = 3 ∆ x = x2 - x1
x2
x1
∆ x = x2 - x1 = 2
MORE EXAMPLE
Example 1 (2 Dimension)
If the magnitude of vector A and B
are equal to 2 cm and 3 cm
respectively , determine the
magnitude and direction of the
resultant vector, C for A
a) A + B
b) 2A + B
B
SOLUTION
Solution
MORE EXAMPLE
Example 2 (A Vacation Trip)
SOLUTION
Solution
The magnitude of R can be
obtained using the law of cosines
as in figure 0
Since θ =180 – 600 = 1200 and
C2 = A2 + B2 – 2AB cos θ, we find
that B
60
C = √A + B – 2AB cos θ
2 2
C
C = √202 + 352 – 2(20)(35) cos θ β A
1200
C = 48.2 km
Continue
The direction of C measured from
the northerly direction can be
obtained from
sin β sin θ the sines law
=
B C
B 35.0
sin β = sin θ = sin 120 = 0.629
0
C 48.2
β = 38.90
Therefore, the resultant displacement
of the car is 48.2 km in direction
38.90 west of north
Conceptual Example *
MORE EXAMPLE
Conceptual Example *
SOLUTION
Solution
*
Comparing the above expression for A
with the general relation A = Axi + Ayj ,
we see that Ax= 2.0 and Ay= 2.0.
Likewise, Bx= 2.0, and By= -4.0
C = A + B +the
Therefore, (2.0 + 2.0)i +vector
resultant (2.0 - C
4.0)j
is =
4.0i -2.0j by using Equation
obtained
C = 4.0
x C = -2.0
y
or
The magnitude of C given by equation
C = √Cx2 + Cy2 = √20 = 4.5
Exercise
Find the angle θ that C makes with the
positive x axis
Example
x1 + x2 = (1, 0) + (2, 2)
(1, 0) = (3, 2)
x1 + x2
x2
x1
Example - 2D [tailtotail]
(2, 2)
x2 x1 + x2
(x2)
(1, 0)
x1
x1 + x2 = (1, 0) + (2, 2)
= (3, 2)
x1 - x2?
Example of 2D (subtraction)
(2, 2)
(1, 0)
x1 + x2
x2
x1
Example -2D for subtraction
(2, 2)
x1 - x2 = x1 + (-x2)
(1, 0)
x1 - x2 = (1, 0) - (2, 2)
= (-1, -2)
x1
x1 - x2 -x2
Not given the components?
2√2 m X1 = (1, 0)
45o X2 = (x2E , x2N )
= (2√2cos(45o), 2√2sin(45o))
= (2, 2)
1m
Cosine rule:
1m a2=b2 + c2 - 2bccosA
45o = 1 + 8 - 2√2(1/ √2)
x1
2√2 am= √5 m
x1 - x2 -x2