DISASTER MANAGEMENT

FOR

INFRA STR U C TU RE
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
• Infrastructure refers to the systems needed for the functioning of a community.
• It comprises of an enormous portion of built environment
• It includes
– Water supply and disposal of wastewater
– Road, rail, air or marine transportation
– Electric, gas and liquid fuels
– Communication systems
– Emergency services
• large urban regions, cannot survive long if there is any failure of any of above said systems.
TAXONOMY OF
INFRASTRUCTURE
 TAXONOMY OF INFRASTRUCTURE
Sector System Major components
Reservoirs, wells, transmission aqueducts,
pumping stations
Treatment plants
Water Water supply Terminal reservoirs/ Tanks

Trunk lines

Distribution lines

Sanitary sewer Sanitary sewer Mains pumping stations treatment plants

 TAXONOMY OF INFRASTRUCTURE
Sector System Major components
Fossil fuel power plants, hydroelectric power plants
Electric power Transmission/ Distribution lines
Transmission/ Distribution substations
Production wells, liquification plants
Marine terminals
Energy
Gasification plants
Natural gas Tanks
Transmission lines
Compressor stations
Distribution mains
TAXONOMY OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Sector System Major components

Production wells, marine terminals
Refineries
Energy Petroleum fuels
Transmission pipelines
Distribution storage tanks
Major bridges, conventional bridges
Tunnels
Transportation Highway
Limited access highways
Local roads
TAXONOMY OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Sector System Major components

Bridges, tunnels
Tracks/ Road beds
Railways Stations/ Terminals
Maintenance yards
Transportation Signaling and control centers
Runways, taxiways, passenger
terminals
Air transportation
Fuel and freight facilities
Air traffic control system
 TAXONOMY OF INFRASTRUCTURE
Sector System Major components

Ports/ cargo handling equipment, inland

Transportation waterways
Water transportation
Canals and locks

Stations communication facilities

Police Stations communication facilities

Emergency services Fire
Health care Specialized water supply facilities

Hospitals
IMPACT OF DISASTERS ON

TREATMENT
PLANTS & PROCESS
FACILITIES
 TREATMENT PLANTS AND PROCESS
FACILITIES

• These include
– Water supply • They include
– Wastewater disposal plants – Extensive piping (below, at and above grade)
– Oil refineries – Basins
– Chemical plants – Tanks
– Industrial facilities – Process units
– Control buildings
– Stacks
– Chimneys
 VULNERABILITIES
Structure Vulnerability

Equipment in plants Vulnerable to Settling of foundations especially when founded on fill

and
Differential settlement of adjacent structures and components
Pipes When they connect to or penetrate at treatment structures

Pumps Damaged by loads imposed by piping when differential settlement

occurs
Channels/ Large conduit Subjected to seismic damage from several mechanisms including
systems differential movement from inertial loading, differential settlement
and increased lateral earth pressures

Underground structures Liquification in areas of high ground water to float

Concrete basins and Subjected to cracking and collapse of walls and roofs
tanks
 OTHER VULNERABILITIES
• Pounding damage or permanent movement may result in opening of expansion joints in basins
• Sloshing or wave action or shaking can damage anchor bolts and support members for reactors
and rakes of basins
• Damage to buildings may range from dropped suspended ceilings and cracks in walls and
frames to partial and total collapse
• Unanchored or improperly anchored equipment may slide or topple and cause damage or
failure of attached piping and conduit
• Damage to substation transformers can result in loss of power supply
 SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGNS
• Must provide capability to bypass plant treatment and to provide emergency chlorination in the event of
damage caused by an earthquake
 Minimum requirement of emergency power system for chlorine injection, controls and radios
 If gravity flow is not possible, umping capacity must be available
 Slopes adjacent to plant must be stabilized and mitigating measures needed if necessary
 Wall penetrations to mitigate damage to channels and conduit to allow differential settlement
 Flexibility in connections and piping passing through expansion joints or between structures
 Cast-in-pace bolts rather than expansion anchors to reduce equipment damage
 Protection of equipment and piping from falling debris
 Sludge processing equipment (heavy equipment) must be located as low as possible in building
 SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGNS
 Saddling of horizontal tanks to prevent slippage and rupture of attached piping
 Careful design of equipment immersed in water (paddles, rakes, baffles) against inertial effects and water sloshing.
Check for ease of replacement also
 Avoid vertical turbine pumps hanging in tanks
 Strapping of chlorine cylinders in place on snubbed chlorine scales
 Installation and maintenance of standard safety and shutdown systems
 Routine checks to ensure valves are operable and stockpiles of spare parts and tools are available
 Separate foundations for basins or structures that are founded on separate foundation materials and should be
separated by flexible joints
 All critical piping should be welded steel ( anti corrosion)
 Incorporate flood designs and check for vulnerability to wind forces and select proper siting
ELECTRICAL
SUBSTATIONS
ELECTRICAL
SUBSTATIONS
• Termini of electrical transmission
lines and provide switching and
voltage transformer functions
• Consist of fenced open area with
overhead buses supported by
steel/concrete structures
SEISMIC DAMAGES
Equipment
Control buildings
Control equipment
Steel towers in yard
Porcelain bushings, insulators
and lightning arrestors
Transformers
Busbars/ conductors
Possible damage
Generic building damage ranging from dropped suspended ceilings and
cracks in walls and frames to partial and total collapse
May slide or topple experiencing damage or causing attached piping and
conduit to fail
Typically damaged only by soil failures
Brittle and vulnerable to shaking and are frequently damaged
May shift, tear the attached conduit , break bushings, damage radiators and
spill oil
If rigid, may result in porcelain damage resulting from differential motion
MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO AVOID
SEISMIC DAMAGE
• Prefer gas insulated substations instead of porcelain insulation
• Use
– damping devices for porcelain
– Proper anchorage for equipment(avoid friction clips)
– Provision of conductor slack between equipment in substation
– Breakaway connectors to reduce loads on porcelain bushings and insulators
• Replacement of single cantilever-type insulator supports with those having multiple supports
• Adequate spacing between equipment to reduce secondary damage(Adjacent falling)
• Control buildings and equipment must follow local or national building code
• Consideration of flood in engineered design is required.
ROADS AND
BRIDGES
FA L L IN G C O L U M N S S C O U R D A MA G E
ROADBEDS AND BRIDGES

• Roadbed includes embankments, pavement, drainage structure, signage, signaling and lighting
structure and equipment
• Bridges are employed in highways and railway systems and can be straight, skewed, fixed and
movable or floating.
• Commonly used material is reinforced concrete besides steel, masonry and wood.
• Foundation systems include abutments, spread footings, battered and vertical pile groups,
single column drilled piers and pile bent foundations,
VULNERABILITIES

Disaster Structure Vulnerability/ damage Remedy

Underlying ground may undergo
Roadbeds permanent ground displacement due to
landslides etc Adequate geotechnical engineering
Earthqua
Loss of beam seating resulting in span along with proper grading and
ke
collapse, abutment- main span compaction
Bridges
pounding, shear failure and collapse of
columns
Wind blown debris may imped traffic
Roadbeds posing problem to persons and vehicles Standard building codes
and road blockages
Winds Lighting
May cause electric line shorts or
and
breakage and supporting structural Special protective structures
signaling
failure
towers
VULNERABILITIES

Disaster Structure Vulnerability/ damage Remedy

Danger to persons and vehicles on
Winds Bridges bridge along with galloping of lighter -
suspension spams
• Scour can occur for pavements
• Raising embankments above design
• Embankments may fail
flood criteria
• Debris and siltation cleanup is
Floods Roads • Providing culverts or bridging to
needed
allow passage of floodwaters across
• Damage to signaling and other
embankments
equipment and signage
VULNERABILITIES
Disaster Structure Vulnerability/ damage
• Foundations are vulnerable to scour
• Substructures may be damaged
• Lighter bridges may be floating or
collapse
• Heavier bridges can resist but debris
may accumulate under and within
the superstructure increasing
Floods Bridges
effective area and drag resulting in
collapse of bridge
• Spans my collapse due to
unanticipated upward loading or
float off their bearings
• Lighting will be damaged and not
functional
Remedy
• Scour risk can be reduced by
installation of protective ‘skirts’ on
riverbed around foundation
• Piers can be protected by installation
of upstream protective barriers.
• Reinforcement of superstructure
lateral force resisting system is
required
• Deepening or widening of
streambed and/or installation of a
flood bypass around important
bridges reduces flood risk
THANK YOU