What is communication

• an act or instance of transmitting

• the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or
using some other medium.
"television is an effective means of communication“
• means of sending or receiving information, such as phone lines or
computers.
"satellite communications“
• a process by which information is exchanged between individuals
through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior
What is Interpersonal Communication
• Interpersonal communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas
and feelings between two or more people through verbal or non-verbal
methods.
• It often includes face-to-face exchange of information, in a form of voice, facial
expressions, body language and gestures. The level of one’s interpersonal
communication skills is measured through the effectiveness of transferring
messages to others.
• Commonly used interpersonal communication within an organization include
daily internal employee communication, client meetings, employee performance
reviews and project discussions. In addition, online conversations today make a
large portion of employees’ interpersonal communication in the workplace.
What is the meaning of Skills
• the ability to use one's knowledge effectively and readily in execution or
performance.
• dexterity or coordination especially in the execution of learned physical tasks.
• a learned power of doing something competently : a developed aptitude or ability
language skills.
• mean the faculty of executing well what one has devised. ART implies a personal,
unanalyzable creative power. the art of choosing the right word SKILL stresses
technical knowledge and proficiency. the skill of a glassblower CUNNING suggests
ingenuity and subtlety in devising, inventing, or executing. a mystery plotted with
great cunning ARTIFICE suggests technical skill especially in imitating things in
nature. believed realism in film could be achieved only by artifice CRAFT may
imply expertness in workmanship. the craft of a master goldsmith
What is the meaning of Interpersonal Skills
• Interpersonal skills are traits you rely on when you interact and
communicate with others. They cover a variety of scenarios where
communication and cooperation are essential.

• These skills involve the ability to communicate and build relationships

with others. Often called people skills, they tend to incorporate both
your innate personality traits and how you’ve learned to handle
certain social situations. Effective interpersonal skills can help you
during the job interview process and can have a positive impact on
your career advancement.
Some examples of interpersonal skills
include:

• Active listening
• Teamwork
• Responsibility
• Dependability
• Leadership
• Motivation
• Flexibility
• Patience
• Empathy
• In a work environment, strong interpersonal skills are an asset that can help you navigate
complexity, change and day-to-day tasks.
The Importance
They foster effective communication
• Effective communication is the cornerstone of any successful
business, and to be a good communicator, you need interpersonal
skills. They are necessary for the establishment of relationships
between yourself and your workmates, which leads to a mutual
exchange of ideas, information and skills.
• Furthermore, you establish mutual respect and consideration for one
another’s opinions and input. Communication conducted in this
manner enables a more fluid performance of duties, better
management of tasks and the timely completion of assignments.
The Importance
They keep the feedback loop open
• Most companies attempt to create a dynamic workplace which can adapt quickly to both internal
and external factors; for this to work effectively, though, you need an open and constructive
feedback loop.
• If you are unfamiliar with what this process entails, it is essentially the ongoing communication that
happens between a task-giver and a task-completer. As the person performing the task completes
steps, they may ask for feedback; the supervisor then either tells the employee that they are doing
well or that they need to make relevant adjustments. This cycle, or ‘loop’, is constantly ongoing.
• The reasons why a feedback loop might break down are multiple but undeniably linked to
interpersonal skills. For example:
• one or either party is not being approachable
• one or either party is not being present mentally or physically
• the inability of the supervisor to communicate well with the subordinate.
• An extremely damaging behaviour – and one that is very frequently seen – is the supervisor
allowing the task to be completed and then giving feedback afterwards, especially if the employee
asked for it previously and was denied it. This can affect productivity, morale and the quality of
work produced; after all, there is nothing worse than a person pouring hours of labour into a
project, only for a supervisor to then come and tear it all down.
The Importance
They expand your opportunities
• Through connecting with managers and fellow workmates, you’re
able to gain access to more exciting opportunities in the workplace
and in your field of interest. If you make a good impression on your
boss, for example, then they’ll be in a position to give you good
references or even bump you up to a higher position with more
responsibilities and perks – which is, of course, a big plus for your
professional development.
The Importance
• They make you relatable
• With good interpersonal skills, your colleagues and managers are far
more likely to perceive you as an approachable person. As a result,
coworkers will be more comfortable interacting with you and more
willing to seek your assistance and advice.
• You’ll also find that people become easier to work with, allowing you
to engage with them more meaningfully and thereby increase
productivity levels across the board.
The Importance
They demonstrate social awareness
• Good interpersonal skills show that you have an interest in the
wellbeing of coworkers and customers, gaining their trust and
confidence as a result. For example, a keen sense of perception and
emotional intelligence can help you through a particularly tricky social
situation; interpersonal skills also help you make the right decisions
and judgement calls about sensitive work-related issues
The Importance
They increase client satisfaction
• The ability to be diplomatic is an imperative trait in the workplace,
but it’s not just coworkers who benefit from your tactful approach;
customers are also able to see that you don’t compromise on
productivity, that you are aware of their needs and that you are
willing to find solutions to their queries.
• A happy client means a happy boss, too, so your ability to build
positive relationships won’t go unnoticed by your superiors – or by
the promotion board, either.
The Importance
They build trust
• According to the American Psychological Association, a whopping quarter of
employees in the US do not trust their employers, and only about 50% of them
believe that their bosses are open with them. A lack of transparency can result in
disenfranchised employees and disloyalty amongst the workforce.
• If your team feels that they are deprived of a say in the company’s direction and
activities, and that important personnel decisions (like hiring and firing) are also
made without any warning, then they are almost certain to go and seek
alternative employment. The stress of potential abrupt joblessness can create a
lack of trust in administration and their decisions, while even employees that
aren’t on a constant hunt for a new job will inevitably be working at diminished
capacity due to the chronic stress.
The Importance
They help foster and maintain personal relationships
• Interpersonal skills are at their most effective, beneficial and rewarding
when they foster meaningful relationships. Not only is it important to
build personal relationships in the workplace, but it is also important to
maintain these relationships within professional boundaries.
• Maintaining these relationships can prove to be even more challenging
than creating them, as it involves multiple variables like consistency,
follow-through and continued empathy. Therefore, the best way to
maintain interpersonal relationships in the workplace is to make them
sincere.
The Importance
They make you an effective leader
• If you take a look at any list or article that talks about interpersonal skills
in the workplace, their importance to effective management and
leadership will be a recurring theme.
• This is because the ability to foster interpersonal relationships, establish
trust and communicate clearly are all crucial skills for an effective leader.
A leader without the ability to connect with their team will inevitably
fail in the long term, while valuable team members will likely jump ship
in the short term. Either way, it will result in a loss of productivity, and it
will burden the remaining employees with additional work.
The Importance
They encourage empathy
• As this article already mentions, empathy is a critical characteristic of
a leader. Knowing what might be preoccupying your employees –
both inside and outside work – will help you create a powerful
connection with them.
• Ultimately, each employee is a person with their own life and worries
away from work, as well as their own sets of challenges and
tribulations. Understanding them will create loyalty, boost morale
(which is especially instrumental to productivity) and facilitate
positive communication.
Definition of Personality
• At its most basic, personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. ... While there are
many different definitions of personality, most focus on the pattern of
behaviors and characteristics that can help predict and explain a
person's behavior
• Foundations of Personality:
• (i), Physiological structure of the organism,
• (ii) Psychic structure of the organism and
• (iii) Social and cultural structure. These structures contribute to the
formation of personality
Definition of Personality
• The personality implies psychological and social character that an individual
acquires by hereditary biological endowment which provides him the basis for
development and social growth of environment within which he springs forth.
• The continuing process whereby the child is influenced by others (especially the
parents) is called socialisation. It is a course of learning whereby the child comes
to act in accordance with the special demands that membership in a certain
society imposes upon him.
• The term personality is used in various senses. Generally, it is used to indicate
the external outlook of an individual. In philosophy it means the internal quality.
But in social psychology the term personality indicates neither the external or
outward pattern nor does it indicate the internal quality. It means an integrated
whole
Definition of Personality
• The term ‘persona’ was used to indicate the actions of an individual. In the modern world
and psychology it has come to indicate the sum total of an individual’s characteristics and
qualities. Various thinkers, social psychologists and others have defined personality in
various ways.
• According to K. Young, “Personality is a patterned body of habits, traits, attitudes and
ideas of an individual’s, as these are organised externally into roles and statues and as
they relate internally to motivation, goals, and various aspects of selfhood. As G.W. Allport
has defined, “Personality is the dynamic organisation with the individual of those psycho-
physical system that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.”
• By personality Ogburn means “the integration of the socio-psychological behaviour of the
human being, represented by habits of action and feeling, attitudes and opinions.”
• According to Lundberg and others, “The term personality refers to the habits, attitudes
and other social traits that are characteristic of a given individual’s behaviour”.
Definition of Personality
• “Personality represents those structural and dynamic properties of an individual or individuals
as they reflect themselves in characteristic responses to situations”. This is the working
definition of personality given by Lawrence A. Pewin.
• Personality is a sum of physical, mental and social qualities in integrated manner. On the basis
of definitions it may be said that there are two main approaches to the study of personality: (i)
the psychological and (ii) the sociological. The psychological approach considers personality as a
certain style peculiar to the individual. This style is determined by characteristic organisation of
mental trends, complexes, emotions and sentiments.
• The sociological approach considers personality in terms of status of the individual in the group,
in terms of his own conception of his role in the group of which he is a member. What others
think of us plays a large part in the formation of our personality.
• Thus, personality is the sum of the ideas, attitudes and values of a person which determine his
role in society and form an integral part of his character. Personality is acquired by the
individual as a result of his participation in group lif
Characteristics of Personality:
1. Personality is something which is unique in each individual:
Personality refers to internal as well as external qualities, some of
which are quite general. But it is unique to each individual. It is not
possible for any other individual to reproduce or imitate the qualities of
the personality of the individual
2. Personality refers particularly to persistent qualities of an individual:
Every individual has certain feeling as well as other permanent traits
and qualities. Personality is mainly composed of the persistent or
permanent qualities that exhibit themselves in form of social behaviour
and attempt to make adjustment with the environment.
Characteristics of Personality:
3. Personality represents a dynamic orientation of organism to environment:
• Personality represents the process of learning. It takes place in reference
to the environment. We do not acquire all the traits of personality all at
once.

4. Personality is greatly influenced by social interactions:

• Personality is not an individual quality. It is a result of social- interaction. In
other words, it means that when we come in contact with other members
of the society, we acquire certain qualities while we exhibit certain others.
All these come to form personality.
Characteristics of Personality:
5. Personality represents a unique organisation of persistent dynamic
and social predisposition:
• In personality various qualities are not put together. They are, in fact,
integrated into one. This integration is nothing but a result of
organisation which may be different from man to man. The behaviour
of a person directed to one particular individual may differ from the
behaviour of another person. That is why; we put the condition of
suitable environment. This suitability is concerned with individual
specificity.
Foundations of Personality:
• On the basis of various definitions it can be said that personality is
founded on certain structures. These are (i), Physiological structure of
the organism, (ii) Psychic structure of the organism and (iii) Social and
cultural structure. These structures contribute to the formation of
personality.
• Individual is born with certain physical and psychological traits or
structures. The physiological and psychological traits react to the
social and cultural atmosphere. Consequently, the personality is made
up. Various structures that form the personality are discussed below.
Foundations of Personality
1. Physiological structure:
• Physiological structure of an individual influences the development of personality to a large
extent. The foundation of this structure is laid in the mother’s womb. The physiological structure is
deeply influenced by certain internal as well as external agencies. Heredity as well as social
environment influence the development of the physiological structure.
• Heredity contributes to intelligence and mental traits. These factors do influence the development
of personality, because they have a place in the society.
• Heredity imposes several limitations and restrictions on the personality of an individual. Culture is
very much a gift of the heredity. Due to this culture, it is possible for an individual to adjust himself
to different situations.
• Besides biological inheritance, in social heredity there is a transmission of personality
characteristics from one generation to another through pattern of relationship. The vehicle of
transmission is not the germ plasm but a psychogenetic influence of parent on child. Heredity may
prove the raw material, out of which experience moulds the personality.
Foundations of Personality
2. Psychic Structure of the Personality
The Psychic structure consists of (a) attitudes (b) traits, (c) sentiments (d) feelings and
emotions (e) values and ideals.
The attitudes influence the psychic structure and latter on, physiological structures.
Traits are inherent as well as the acquired qualities of an individual.
Sentiments and emotions play a very vital role in the development of the personality. Human
behaviour is very much influenced by sentiments and emotions. Emotions are short – lived
while sentiments are permanent. Sentiments may be termed as permanent emotions.
Feeling is again more short-lived. It is the feeling that turns into an emotion. Feeling and
emotion play a vital role in the development of the personality of an individual.
Values and ideals also influence the development of personality to a large extent. Almost all
our behaviours are more or less guided by values and ideas.
Foundations of Personality
• 3. Social and Cultural Structure:
• Every society has a culture of its own and in the atmosphere of that socio cultural background, the
personality of individual develops in its own way. The attitudes of an individual are largely
influenced by cultural order. We find difference in the behaviour of individuals due to sociocultural
environment. That is why culture play an important role in the development of personality.
• Besides the above structures, experience play in important role in the formation of personality.
Man is the child of experience. The experience are of two types, one that the infant acquires in his
group, for example family. The parents being very intimate to the child make a deep impact of him.
The child is fashioned in his home after his parents. He picks up their patterns, manners and poise.
The learning of social norms form parents and other agents of socialisation has significant
formative influence on him.
• Another set of experience he goes through, is the result of his interaction with others in the context
of a social situation. Children brought up in the same family may not have similar experience. The
change of social environment in family, variation attitude of parents towards the children, the
temper of playmates, school environment create the differing experience. The personality that one
have acquired also play a part in determining the impact of new experience.
Nature of Relationship between Culture and
Personality
• Culture and personality are interrelated. Culture influences the development of personality to
a very large extent. The relationship between culture and personality discussed by various
scholars are enumerated below.
• Man is a social animal. But he is not born social. He is born into the stream of the social
process, into a cultural milieu. Culture makes him human being out of a biological organism. It
is only through his interaction with his fellow, the carriers of culture that his original nature is
transformed into human nature and he acquires that combination of acts and thoughts which
is called personality.
• As Clifford Geertz observed: “Culture provides the link between what men are intrinsically
capable of becoming and what they actually, one by one, in fact become. Becoming human is
becoming individual, and we become individual under the guidance of cultural patterns”. The
experiences which the individual acquires in the social process have a cultural component.
Therefore, the pattern of culture basically determines the broad contours of personality of
the individual.
The four types of Personality
• The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which
suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine,
choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic.
• Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures among the
types where an individual's personality types overlap and they share
two or more temperaments
The four types of Personality
• Most individuals tend to have aspects of their personality which identify with each of the four
temperaments. However, there are usually one or two primary temperaments that are displayed
at a significantly higher level.An individual could be any combination of the following four types.

• Sanguine personality type is described primarily as being highly talkative, enthusiastic, active,
and social. Sanguines tend to be more extroverted and enjoy being part of a crowd; they find
that being social, outgoing, and charismatic is easy to accomplish. Individuals with this
personality have a hard time doing nothing and engage in more risk seeking behavior.

• Choleric individuals tend to be more extroverted. They are described as independent, decisive,
goal-oriented, and ambitious. These combined with their dominant, result-oriented outlook
make them natural leaders. In Greek, Medieval, and Renaissance thought, they were also
violent, vengeful, and short-tempered.
The four types of Personality
• Melancholic individuals tend to be analytical and detail-oriented, and
they are deep thinkers and feelers. They are introverted and try to
avoid being singled out in a crowd.A melancholic personality leads to
self-reliant individuals who are thoughtful, reserved, and often
anxious. They often strive for perfection within themselves and their
surroundings, which leads to tidy and detail-oriented behavior.
• Phlegmatic individuals tend to be relaxed, peaceful, quiet, and easy-
going.They are sympathetic and care about others, yet they try to hide
their emotions. Phlegmatic individuals are also good at generalising
ideas or problems to the world and making compromises.